Abstract:
The South Ari Atoll attracts many tourists for snorkel and dive encounters with
whale sharks. In general not much is known about the effects of tourism on
whale shark behaviour and especially not for that area. The aim of this study is
to provide a data basis, on which a concept for a more sustainable tourism
could be developed to conserve this whale shark population as well as to
ensure a stable income for the locals.
This study evaluated if factors, caused by human activities, such as the number
of people in the water, the number of boats nearby the whale shark and the
shark-boat distance had a potential influence on whale shark behaviour. A behaviour
score system, generalized linear mixed models and generalized linear
models were used for the analysis. Whale sharks, who displayed avoidance
behaviour, stayed significantly shorter. The encounter duration is a possible
predictor for avoidance in whale sharks. Surprisingly, in contrast long encounter
durations were documented when the number of people in the water increased.
Also, the encounter duration increased when whale sharks were feeding,
injured or when males were present. A decreasing shark-boat distance
triggered avoidant responses in whale sharks. A higher shark-boat distance is
needed to reduce boat collisions with whale sharks and avoidant responses of
them. Compliance of the code of conduct and an effective management ensure
the preservation of this resident whale shark population and real source of
income for the local population.
