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Technical Report
Environmental impact assessment for the proposed development of an agricultural island Dhurureha Thaa Atoll, Maldives
(2017-09) Sandcays
This report discusses the findings of a social and environmental impact study under the proposed development of agriculture on Dhururehaa, Thaa Atoll. The project is proposed by Mohamed Latheef. The proponent aims at developing Dhurureha as an agricultural island; providing job opportunities, reducing dependency on imported produce and ultimately working towards economic diversification and growth of Maldivian economy. The agricultural activities on Dhurureha will be carried out in greenhouses as a hydroponics system. A total of 12 greenhouses (100ft by 50ft each) is proposed to be built for growing tomato, capsicum, bell pepper and lettuce. Additionally, a 60m by 30m nursery will be built on the island. Access to the island is to be provided by dredging an access channel and a 200m jetty. Water requirement for the project is to be met by utilizing an RO plant. A suitable size diesel generator will be used throughout the project to meet power requirement. Staff facilities such as accommodation, mesh room, mosque and office building will also be constructed on the island. A cold storage, general storage and small packaging facility will also be constructed on the island during construction stage. A waste collection and management station will be established for using during construction phase and operational phase of the project At present, Dhurureha is an uninhabited island not used for any purpose. However, locals of the nearby communities use the island to collect coconuts, go on picnics and gather firewood. Alternatives to project components have been identified in the project document. These include alternative uses of the island such as for a tourist resort. However, upon closer analysis of these options, the proposed development of the island for agricultural purpose was found to be more viable based on the present circumstances under which the island has been leased. Therefore, the consultants propose exploring use of alternative renewable sources to the proposed fuel based energy generation. Environmental impacts were assessed for both the construction and operation phase of the project. Most of the environmental impacts of the project have been identified as minor negative with highly positive socio-economic impacts. The main negative impacts from the project include habitat loss from vegetation clearance, sedimentation and consequent impacts on marine wildlife health and waste generation during the operational phase. The mitigation measures outlined for these impacts include conserving mature trees to the greatest possible extent, relocating large live corals at the proposed access channel area and establishing dust control plans in addition to employing best-practice guidelines during the operational phase. The most positive socio-economic impacts related to the project are increase in job opportunities, reduction in prices of agricultural produce and increase of national revenue. It is inevitable that there would be some negative environmental impacts. However, most of the impacts of the proposed project are minor compared to the positive socio-economic benefits of the proposed system. Yet, monitoring to ensure the effectiveness of the proposed project would be necessary. Therefore, a monitoring component has been suggested which takes in to consideration, the most important elements that require regular checks. This monitoring component will be adhered to and will allow the assessment of changes due to construction and implementation of the proposed agriculture project. Monitoring is specifically focussed on employment opportunities, price changes in the market, direct and indirect economic ventures, ground and marine water quality, changes in the hydrodynamics of the project area as well as impacts on the reef or marine ecological area of importance. In conclusion, it appears justified from a technical and environmental point of view, to carry out the proposed project to develop Dhurureha as an agricultural island.
Technical Report
Environmental impact assessment proposed milkfish aquaculture project Matu, Gaafu Alif Atoll
(2017-07) Sandcays
This report addresses the environmental concerns of the proposed milkfish (Chanos chanos) hatchery project in Ga. Matu. The project is proposed by Ministry of Fisheries and Agriculture. Concerns about live-bait availability over prolonged periods are being raised in recent years, especially in the southern atolls of Maldives. The development of aquaculture for selected bait species is seen as one possible measure to manage the live bait shortage currently faced by local fishermen. Cultured milkfish has been in use for the longlining industry in different parts of the world, and successfully piloted for the pole-and-line industry in Indonesia and Kiribati. Unlike most of the live bait species currently in use in the pole-and-line fishery, hatchery technology is well developed for milkfish. In addition, the relatively short duration to reach bait-size makes milkfish an ideal species for aquaculture development. Supplementing the tuna fishermen with cultured bait is expected to reduce the time spent on bait search, and in turn, result in increased effort directed to the tuna fishery. As live bait shortage is mostly reported from the southern atolls, the proposed hatchery site was selected from Gaafu Alif atoll, for logistical ease in distribution for the most needed areas can be made. The selected island, Matu from Ga. Atoll is 5.9 Ha small uninhabited island on the northern side of Ga.Atoll. The closest inhabited islands to the project site are Ga. Villingili and Kolamaafushi. The project aims to produce 100 tons of milkfish raised to the size of live bait used in the pole-and-line fishery. All required technical and support infrastructure will be constructed during the construction phase of the project. The operational phase will involve water circulation, feeding and rearing of cultured stock. In addition to hatchery, nursery and broodstock modules built on land, sea cages will be built for brood stock. Power will be provided for the project via diesel generators, while potable water will be provided via RO plants. Accommodation for staff and administrative buildings and waste management centre will also be constructed on the island. Access to the island will be provided via access channel and a jetty. The naturally deep lagoon will be used as a harbour during the project. Social and environmental concerns regarding the proposed project include: • Vegetation clearance during site preparation for construction of land infrastructures. This impact is considered minor negative as outmost care will be taken to reduce cutting down mature vegetation. Buildings will be adjusted as much as possible to reduce requirement of cutting or relocation of mature trees. When unavoidable, two plants for every tree cut will be planted on the island. • Sedimentation during excavation of access channel and construction of main jetty. This impact is considered as negligible as the excavation involved is very minor. Measures to reduce this impact such as working during calm weather and low-tide has been suggested as mitigation measures. • Minor impacts due to human activity in the area including littering both during construction and operational phases. • Increased nutrient loadings from faeces and uneaten food wastes, which will either dissolve or settle on the seabed beneath the cage. Since the water is deep and adequate currents exist, eutrophication is, however, unlikely. The proposed project is expected to be managed in conformity with local and international regulations and standards of relevance, especially environmental regulations and standards. Therefore, environmental impacts will be well managed, minimized and mitigated. Given that the project has major socio-economic benefits and some environmental benefits (potential to reduce pressure on wild populations of baitfish), it is recommended to allow the project to proceed as proposed. It is important to consider uncertainties and continue to monitor the project impacts and undertake appropriate mitigation measures in consultation with the EPA and other relevant government agencies. It is also necessary to undertake regular environmental monitoring activities.
Technical Report
Environmental impact assessment for the proposed commercial sand mining project at Fushidhiggarufalhu, South Malé Atoll
(2017-11) Sandcays
This report discusses the findings of an environmental impact assessment undertaken for the purpose of approval for commercial sand mining at Fushidhiggarufalhu in South Malé Atoll. The project is proposed by Endheri and Sons, who are currently involved in manual sand mining activities in Kaafu Atoll. The EIA is required because the Proponent wishes to use pumps for sand mining to increase their productivity and subsequent sales. The project involves the mining of sand by using sand pump at Fushidhiggarufalhu in South Malé Atoll. This lagoon has been approved for sand mining by the government. However, according to the Ministry of Fisheries and Agriculture, sand mining using sand pumps or other machinery and mining of large volumes of sand for commercial purposes would require EIA for approval. The Proponent wishes to use a 4 or 6-inch sand pump for mining sand from Fushidhiggaru lagoon. The project does not cover the fill location but pumping into containers and transporting the containers in dhoni or other vessel. Appropriate locations have been identified at the edges of the deep lagoon areas. It is estimated that if these areas are dredged to the same depth as the adjoining deep lagoon, over 600,000m3/ of sand may be taken from these areas. This would be equal to about 3 years of continuous sand mining using a 6-inch sand pump. Environmental impacts identified for the project are slightly positive overall due to the socio-economic benefits from the project. The main positive impacts are revenue and employment opportunities. The use of pumps will also reduce the safety concerns associated with manual mining, which has added benefits. The use of pumps makes the mining process less manual, therefore, safer for the workforce while increasing the productivity. This does not necessarily mean reduced workforce as additional job opportunities would be created. However, the socio-economic benefits of the project are not so strong due to the scale of the project. There is the concern that other sand miners will follow suit in which case it would be necessary to identify different locations for different miners and geographic areas that can be mined and to make other arrangements such as security posts. There is the potential for growth in the sand mining industry especially with the growing construction industry and several resorts in Malé Atoll where regular beach nourishment is a necessity but where there are no lagoon areas from which sand can be pumped. However, there are very few places in Malé Atoll from where sand can be mined as most of the lagoons have been leased for resort development. In fact, Fushidhiggarufalhu was previously leased for resort development and would possibly be leased again in the near future. There are no positive environmental impacts related to the project although it may be argued that sand mining would be an important activity that will reduce the dependence on imported construction material, which has large environmental impacts related to transport. The negative environmental impacts related to mining of sand using sand pumps include increased sedimentation during filling. The sediment as it flows from the vessel and into the marine environment would have some degree of unwanted particles including traces of oil and rust particles that would be on the vessel. Therefore, it would be important to keep the top of the vessel, where the containers are filled, clean and tidy at all times. The proposed borrow areas are several hundred metres from the reef areas, therefore, the impacts of sedimentation are not expected to degrade the closest reef areas. Yet, sediment control measures shall be in place in and outside the vessel. Since the project has minor negative impacts, an assessment of alternatives was not considered necessary. However, since the approved Terms of Reference requires alternative borrow areas and methods to be identified, three alternative borrow areas in Malé Atoll (near Malé) and alternative work methods of excavation including using of excavator has been identified. The only possible alternative borrow locations in Malé Atoll are Gulhee Falhu, Thilafalhu and the southwest end of Velassarufalhu. These locations would have greater conflicts of interest than the Fushidhiggarufalhu at present. However, Fushidhiggarufalhu will have conflicts in case it is leased for resort development, which could be the case soon. The alternative of using excavator for mining sand would not be acceptable due to the large degree of sedimentation that it would cause followed by aesthetic impacts. It would also not be feasible due to depth limitations. However, grab hoppers with large grab buckets may be considered a more feasible option for sand mining using machinery. In conclusion, it appears justified from a technical, administrative and environmental point of view, to carry out the proposed project. While a strict monitoring programme is not necessary, it is proposed to monitor and report to EPA the depths of the dredged areas and marine transect from a fixed location in the closest marine areas every six months.
Technical Report
Environmental impact assessment for the proposed development of an agricultural island Faadhoo Lhaviyani Atoll, Maldives
(2017-11) Sandcays
This report discusses the findings of a social and environmental impact study under the proposed development of agriculture on Faadhoo, Lhaviyani Atoll. The project is proposed by Open Blue Pvt. Ltd. The project aims to use Faadhoo island for agriculture, and produce both local varieties, and some of the imported food. Among the proposed activities to be carried out on the island include the horticulture of watermelons, papayas, tomatoes, lettuce, herbs, salads, and mushrooms. Under the proposed project, there will be clearance of about 1.7ha of the land for construction of necessary infrastructure and construction of a jetty for access to the island. Services related to the proposed project such as water, sewerage, energy and waste will also be established during the construction phase. At present, Faadhoo is an uninhabited island not used for any official industrial or recreational purpose. There are two wetland areas listed as an environmental sensitive area (by EPA) on the island. The larger of the two wetlands has a mangal vegetation of 2.8ha (including the water body), dominated by Rhizophora mucronata (Ran’doo) and Bruguiera cylindrica (Kandoo); while the smaller one has a mangal vegetation of 0.5ha; with same species of mangroves. The proposed project activities will not fall within the boundary of these areas and the proponent has included a buffer zone between the ESA and project infrastructure. The small size of the Maldivian islands, and the absence of adequate natural freshwater supplies make it hard for the majority of food in the Maldives to be grown and harvested on a commercial scale within the country. Furthermore, climatic factors render it difficult to produce the imported food as well. However, there are some species such as melons, papayas, tomatoes, bananas, various herbs, and salads which can be farmed and harvested economically. The produce can be sold to the tourism industry, which imports majority of the agricultural products from other countries. Hence, the main goal of this project is to develop the agricultural industry of the Maldives, and to potentially cater for the market demand from tourism, as well as the local market. Alternatives for the proposed project have been identified in this document. These include alternative uses of the island such as development of the island as an ecotourism site due to the presence of a mangrove site, or leaving the island as it is in its natural state, which in the future may potentially increase the value of the island. The consultants recommend exploring use of renewable energy alternatives highlighted as well as organic farming and vertical farming to increase efficiency of space usage under this project. Environmental impacts were assessed for both the construction and operation phase of the project. Most of the environmental impacts of the project have been identified as minor negative, with positive socio-economic impacts, especially if the agricultural methods are done organically, or with limited use of fertilisers and pesticides. The main negative impacts from the project include biomass and habitat loss from vegetation clearance, sedimentation and consequent impacts on marine wildlife, and waste generation and effluents, especially during the operational phase. The mitigation measures outlined for these impacts include conserving mature trees to the greatest possible extent, creating vegetation buffer zones, and habitat corridors, using organic agricultural methods, using natural biofertilizers and pesticides and establishing dust and emission control plans, in addition to employing best-practice guidelines for agriculture during the operational phase. The most positive socio-economic impacts related to the project are reduction in prices of agricultural produce, and increase of national revenue, and job opportunities. A monitoring mechanism to ensure the effectiveness of the proposed project is also included in this document. This monitoring component allows for the assessment of changes that will occur during the construction and implementation of the proposed agriculture project. Monitoring is specifically focussed on environmental aspects such as ground and marine water quality, changes in the hydrodynamics of the project area, as well as impacts on the reef or marine ecological area, agricultural methods, and social aspects such as labour and occupational health and safety aspects. In conclusion, the proposed project is justified in terms of environmental impacts based on predicted economic and social benefits of the project. As such, the consultants are of the opinion the project may proceed as proposed; provided the recommended mitigation measures and environmental monitoring program is implemented.
Technical Report
Environmental impact assessment for the proposed sewerage system Ihavandhoo, Haa Alifu Atoll, Maldives
(2015-11) Sandcays
This report discusses the findings of an environmental impact study under the proposed sewerage system project at HA. Ihavandhoo. The project is proposed by Ministry of Environment and Energy. The project entails establishment of a proper island-wide sewerage system with a sea outfall. The proposed project will involve installing a pipe network to collect sewage from all the households on the island and necessary pumping stations. Currently raw sewage is disposed onto the ground via house-level soak-pits; polluting groundwater greatly. The proposed outfall will pump wastewater beyond the house-reef at over 7m depth. A number of alternatives to the proposed project components have been identified in this document. Of these, the preferred alternative is to change the outfall location. It is also proposed to consider a treatment plant in the design, though the consultants are of the opinion, proposed system without a treatment plant but changed outfall location is the best option. Other alternatives include considering different disposal options; ground and lagoon, which are not recommended for reasons of greater environmental pollution. Environmental impacts were assessed for both the construction and operational phase of the project. Most of the environmental impacts identified for the construction phase of the project were minor negative; these include sedimentation from installing the outfall and temporary salinization of groundwater from de-watering to lay out the pipe network and pump stations. However, the impacts identified for the operational phase of the project were mostly moderate to major positive; improvement of groundwater quality from stopping the current sewage disposal practise and reduction of related health hazards. Disposal of sewage via proposed sea outfall is considered to have a minor negative impact. The main mitigation measures for this project during the construction phase are similar to other sewerage projects such as dust control plans, working during low- tide as much as possible and rigorous supervision. In case of deterioration of groundwater quality due to potential dewatering during construction of lifting stations in residential area, measures to water plants in the area that may be affected due to dewatering shall be in place. The design shall also ensure that dewatering is minimized. As for the operational phase trained maintenance staff to service the sewerage system and regular check-ups has been suggested in addition to monitoring water quality as well as reef health for potential impacts. Increasing awareness on groundwater conservation and promoting sustainable groundwater aquifer management, especially the skimming well technology has been suggested. The Proponent is willing to undertake monitoring during and after the construction phase in addition to undertaking the mitigation measures proposed by the consultants. In conclusion, it appears justified from a technical, administrative and to some extent environmental point of view, to carry out the proposed sewerage system development project. The alternative of wastewater treatment will involve greater operational costs; therefore, it is recommended to proceed the project as proposed while keeping the option open for future wastewater treatment, as and when required.
Technical Report
Environmental impact assessment multi-storey building at H. Del Rio Malé City, Maldives
(2015-10) Sandcays
This report discusses the findings of an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) carried out for the proposed 11-storey building including an underground basement at H. Del Rio, Malé. The project is proposed by the land owner, Mohamed Shafiu of H. Del Rio. EIA is required for buildings with basements or foundations that are laid below 1.8m from the ground, as per the EIA Regulations of the Maldives and all amendments to it up to date. The main objective of the EIA is to identify potential impacts of excavation, construction of foundation and dewatering and consider mitigation measures that may be adopted. In addition, the EIA would also consider other construction phase and operational phase activities such as waste management, energy and water supply although they are not directly related to the scope of the EIA. Demolition of the existing single storey building has been completed, and demolition impacts have not been covered in the EIA in detail. The project is to commence as soon as the EIA is approved and the duration of the project will not be more than 24 months. Substructure works, which is considered to be the most sensitive component (socially and environmentally), is expected to be completed within two months. The critical elements of excavation and dewatering are expected to be completed within three to four weeks. Therefore, the project has a critical impact timeframe of less than 2 months. Environmental assessment for building construction in Malé City was enforced following incidents of cracks in neighbouring buildings and vibration and noise-related inconveniences which occurred when deep piling was undertaken for the construction of the 15-storey building in Athireege-aage. Based on this incident, deep piling is considered unsuitable for congested Malé. Therefore, the most commonly adopted method of raft foundation will be adopted in the construction of the proposed multi-storey building at H. Del Rio. This method distributes the load from a structure over a large area, minimizing the pressure on the base. This method of foundation is ideal for loose soils with low bearing capacity. However, since the soil of Malé with well-compacted heterogeneous material provides very good base for such foundations, there would be minimal disruption to adjoining structures. Since Del Rio is on the original land of Malé close to the original shoreline, therefore, the foundation will be the on the original seabed and the same conditions would prevail. The area is also of compact nature as this is close to the rim reef of the island and material is well compacted. The proposed depth of the foundation for H. Del Rio is at about 2.8m below the existing ground level or road level. This depth, which is greater than that of a typical building, is due to the basement. The basement space is proposed as office space in the initial design, however, may be used as parking space for the building in future. Parking is becoming an important requirement due to the parking difficulties in Malé. The main concern in excavating to this depth is the safety of the adjacent structures, most of which are old and do not have a proper sub-structure. Therefore, appropriate protection measures have been considered during the excavation, dewatering and foundation works. It is usual practice to provide a retention structure to prevent the foundation of other buildings from collapsing during excavation and the same methodology is proposed for this project. For dewatering, the current practice is for Malé Water and Sewerage Company (MWSC) to install a purpose built catchpit connecting to the main sewerage network and for the Contractor to pump effluent from the dewatering process into this catchpit using multiple pumps at designated locations. Since dewatering is required throughout the process of laying the foundation, it will be continuous and irrespective of tide. In fact, tidal influence on the groundwater table has been seen to be very little or negligible in most of the larger islands. Heavy machineries that will be used in the construction include excavator and lorry for demolition and excavation including demolition and excavation waste disposal and concrete machine and large crane for concrete works on top floors. During excavation, excavators and lorries will work inside Del Rio plot except for some minor works on the roadside. Soil that is well segregated and free from debris and contaminants will be used in backfilling. Demolition has been completed quite some time ago and is not within the scope of this EIA. The plot is empty and grass has grown at the back of the plot indicating that the plot has been vacant for quite some time. Cement dust during concrete works is expected to be less of an issue compared to demolition dust and dust during sanding of walls. All these dust-prone activities is expected to be carried out with caution to minimize dust levels in the area. During concrete works, concrete machine and mobile telescopic crane will work from the road and appropriate road blocks, safety and traffic diversion measures will be implemented according to the requirements/recommendations of Malé City Council and Traffic Police. Safety measures within and outside the premises will be ensured during demolition of existing building until the end of construction phase. The project location is congested with mainly single storey buildings and a few multi-storey buildings of less than 5 storeys. The previous building in Del Rio is a single storey residential building with a normal roof. There is a multi-storey building on the south of Del Rio, at the corner of the road. There are a couple of 6-storey buildings on the south of Del Rio but not adjacent to Del Rio. The rest are mainly single-storey houses and a few 2-3 storey buildings. There are a couple of 5 or more storey buildings in front of Del Rio. There is hardly any vegetation in the area except for a mango tree on the west of the plot and a couple of Burmese rosewood (ofi eley) on the road side southwards. Due to the congested nature of Malé and the area surrounding the project site, the condition of neighbouring houses were considered including condition of the structures, condition of groundwater (if groundwater is used) and living conditions to some extent. It has been identified that most of the buildings are old, single-storey or two-storey buildings and have several cracks due to ageing and settlement (mainly on the ground floor in high rise buildings) but could not have been subjected to vibration impacts in the past. There is little or no structural damage in the existing multi-storey buildings. Traffic in the area was considered important and was assessed to be similar to other areas of Malé. Traffic and pedestrian numbers increases in the evening after 1600hrs because people are usually out during the evening to cool off, especially for use of recreational facilities near Del Rio. The roads in the vicinity of the project area are one-way roads making traffic diversions during the construction phase easier. All parking spaces are nearly full throughout the day mostly with parked motor cycles. Private cars are becoming increasingly common in Malé today, therefore, getting parking space on the road is also becoming increasingly difficult. In terms of living conditions in the vicinity of the project site, most of the houses have congested living conditions except for some multi-storey buildings. Groundwater is still quite commonly used in households for washing, flushing and other non-potable uses. Noise levels in the area are much higher than expected and average noise levels during day time as well as night time surpasses acceptable international standards for residential areas. There are also constant noise sources in the vicinity such as the STELCO powerhouse which add to the background noise levels of the area. The primary objective of the development is to enhance the income of the plot owner while improving quality of housing provided in Malé and improve living conditions in Malé. The living environment in Malé is in grave condition with building after building without any space except public spaces and roads. Most of the single storey houses and some of the multistorey buildings have congested living spaces. With a population density of 18,000persons/square kilometer of land area, and thousands of vehicles, Malé needs vertical growth and with increasing land value multi-storey buildings with adequate parking spaces in the building is an important aspect of development in Malé. The overall environmental and social impacts of the projects have been assessed and impacts are considered to be low magnitude and of minor significance. The negative environmental and social impacts of the development are also mainly short-term while the positive socioeconomic impacts of the project are long-term. Therefore, the overall impact of the proposed projects is greatly positive resulting mainly from improved living spaces and economic benefits, both direct and indirect. There would also be direct and indirect employment opportunities in the planning/design phase, construction phase as well as operational phase of the project. The socio-economic benefits of the project can be considered to outweigh the negative impacts of the project. The main potential impact of the project is possible damage to neighbouring structures due to vibration and weakness to substructure caused by soil movement due to deep excavation and dewatering. Disturbances to neighbours is an inevitable impact that will have to be minimized by taking appropriate measures to minimize nuisances such as noise and controlling dust and taking safety precautions. The construction staff needs to know about the importance of minimizing noise and dust and neighbours shall be made aware of the nature of works and potential disturbances. A grievance redress mechanism would have to be in place and made known to neighbours. Such a mechanism has been proposed in the report. Protection to neighbouring structures is an aspect that needs to be carefully looked at. Details of such protection are discussed in the report. Boundary walls of neigbouring structures would have to be protected prior to excavation. Impacts due to dewatering may be felt on adjacent buildings as well as neighbouring wells. Impacts of excavation and dewatering include loosening of subsoil and reduction in bearing capacity of the soil. This would generally occur in loose soil but not in compact sandy soil, as found in the project site, which is part of the original island of Malé. Sand particles have irregular shapes and sizes, therefore, it is well locked in place giving it a good load bearing capacity. Since the excavation is not too deep (about 3m from the ground surface), excavation would not have major impacts on the adjoining structures/buildings. The drawdown caused by dewatering on the water table is not expected to cause any loosening of subsoil in the area, since dewatering occurs at a shallow depth from the water table. However, the superficial groundwater lens will become saline due to drawdown. The current practice of using several small pumps instead of small number of large pumps minimizes such drawdown and there would be minimal impact on neighbours’ use of groundwater. However, this has to be monitored for the adjoining wells and provisions made to compensate for any drawdown effects. There is a mango tree on the west of the plot, which may be adversely affected due to salinization of the water lens. Appropriate mitigation of the impact by watering the tree regularly during the course of the dewatering works has been recommended. Atmospheric pollution due to concrete mixing works on site, cutting tiles, grinding and sanding of walls and timber works are of concern. Often only interior walls undergo smoothing by sanding and this process occurs within confined space. Carpentry works on site would be limited. Yet, it is often the case in Malé that interior finishing works are undertaken at night and with current regulations allowing noisy operations until midnight, there are certain disturbances that has to be minimized, especially given that the project happens in a residential area. In addition to foundation protection measures, the main mitigation measures for the proposed project would be to design for maximum natural ventilation and light, design for optimal efficiency of building while minimizing on losses such as excess concrete as in some of the recent buildings, minimizing and taking care in dusty operations, taking heed of noise during school hours and prayer times as well as night time and keeping the work areas safe and clean. The overall impacts of the proposed project are largely positive with some minor negative impacts. Yet, environmental monitoring has been proposed in order to ensure the effectiveness of the proposed impact management and mitigation measures. The proposed monitoring programme considers engineering inspection during foundation works, groundwater quality changes and availability during dewatering, dust and noise during construction, complaints/grievances, waste management measures including removal of excavated sand and demolition debris, measures to minimize falling of objects/materials during demolition, provision of personal protective equipment and so on. In conclusion, it appears justified from a socio-economic and environmental point of view, to carry out the proposed project.
Technical Report
Environmental impact assessment for the proposed sewerage system Gadhdhoo, Gaafu Dhaalu Atoll, Maldives
(2015-11) Sandcays
This report discusses the findings of an environmental impact study under the proposed sewerage system project at GDh. Gadhdhoo. The project is proposed by the Ministry of Environment and Energy. The project entails establishment of a proper island-wide sewerage system with a sea outfall. The proposed project will involve installing a pipe network to collect sewage from all the households on the island and necessary pumping stations. Currently raw sewage is disposed onto the ground via house-level soak-pits; polluting groundwater greatly. The proposed outfall will pump wastewater beyond the house-reef at about 15m depth. A number of alternatives to the proposed project components have been identified in this document. Of these, the preferred alternative is to include a treatment plant in the design, though the consultants are of the opinion, proposed system without a treatment plan is the best option. Other alternatives include considering different disposal options; ground and lagoon, which are not recommended for reasons of greater environmental pollution. Environmental impacts were assessed for both the construction and operational phase of the project. Most of the environmental impacts identified for the construction phase of the project were minor negative; these include sedimentation from installing the outfall and temporary salinization of groundwater from de-watering to lay out the pipe network and pump stations. However, the impacts identified for the operational phase of the project were mostly moderate to major positive; improvement of groundwater quality from stopping the current sewage disposal practise and reduction of related health hazards. Disposal of sewage via proposed sea outfall is considered to have a minor negative impact. The main mitigation measures for this project during the construction phase are similar to other sewerage projects such as dust control plans, working during low- tide as much as possible and rigorous supervision. In case of deterioration of groundwater quality due to potential dewatering during construction of lifting stations in residential area, measures to water plants in the area that may be affected due to dewatering shall be in place. The design shall also ensure that dewatering is minimized. As for the operational phase trained maintenance staff to service the sewerage system and regular check-ups has been suggested in addition to monitoring water quality as well as reef health for potential impacts. Increasing awareness on groundwater conservation and promoting sustainable groundwater aquifer management, especially the skimming well technology has been suggested. The Proponent is willing to undertake monitoring during and after the construction phase in addition to undertaking the mitigation measures proposed by the consultants. In conclusion, it appears justified from a technical, administrative and to some extent environmental point of view, to carry out the proposed sewerage system development project. The alternative of wastewater treatment will involve greater operational costs; therefore, it is recommended to proceed the project as proposed while keeping the option open for future wastewater treatment, as and when required.
Technical Report
Environmental impact assessment for the proposed water supply and sewerage system Kolamaafushi Gaafu Alifu, Maldives
(2015-08) Sandcays
This report discusses the findings of an environmental impact study under the proposed water supply and sewerage system project at GA. Kolamaafushi. The project is proposed by the Ministry of Environment and Energy. The project entails establishment of a proper island-wide water and sewerage system. The proposed project involves installing a water distribution network to supply desalinated water supplemented with treated rainwater to all households and a comprehensive sewerage system to dispose of domestic sewage and wastewater. At present rainwater tanks of 2500litres connected to household roofs are used for drinking and cooking purposes while groundwater is used for all other purposes. Sewage and wastewater at household level is disposed to the ground via household septic tanks causing aquifer contamination. Groundwater wells are also fixed with electric pumps to draw water which has been the main reason for excessive drawdown and subsequent salinization of the freshwater lens. The small water collection facilities at household level presents water shortage issues during the dry season while contamination of the groundwater lens with wastewater effluent and salinization of the lens has become an increasingly important public health issue. Hence, it is important to provide adequate supply of potable water and provide appropriate wastewater disposal systems to minimize faecal contamination and foul smell in the groundwater. In addition, a number of alternatives to the proposed project components have been identified in this document. Some of these alternatives consider alternative means of wastewater disposal including treatment, alternative means of water supply, alternative outfall locations and alternatives to sustainable groundwater. Treatment is considered as a favourable option while it has been argued that if the effluent can be disposed of at an appropriate location, there would not be a need for treatment since there will be good mixing and flushing in such areas. It has also been recommended to use solar desalination technologies since the initial demand would be low and production capacity minimal. Environmental impacts were assessed for both the construction and operational phase of the project. Most of the environmental impacts identified for the construction phase of the project were minor negative; these include excavation and related difficulties to road uses, sedimentation from installing the outfall and temporary salinization of groundwater from de-watering to lay out the pipe network and pump stations. However, the impacts identified for the operational phase of the project were mostly moderate to major positive; improvement of groundwater quality from stopping the current sewage disposal practise and reduction of related health hazards. Disposal of sewage via a sea outfall is considered as minor negative impact while decommission of existing septic tanks will improve groundwater quality of the island. The provision of safe and adequate supply of potable water enhances living environment and provides economic opportunities such as tourism establishments including guest houses and city hotels. The main mitigation measures for this project during the construction phase are similar to other water and sewerage projects such as dust control plans, working during low- tide as much as possible and rigorous supervision. In case of deterioration of groundwater quality due to potential dewatering during construction of lifting stations in residential area, measures to water plants in the area that may be affected due to dewatering shall be in place. The design shall also ensure that dewatering is minimized. As for the operational phase trained maintenance staff to service the water and sewerage system and regular check-ups has been suggested in addition to monitoring water quality as well as reef health for potential impacts. Increasing awareness on groundwater conservation and promoting sustainable groundwater aquifer management, especially the skimming well technology has been suggested. In conclusion, it appears justified from a technical, administrative, socio-economic, health and an environmental point of view, to carry out the proposed water and sewerage system development project. The alternative of wastewater treatment will involve greater operational costs; therefore, it is recommended to proceed the project as proposed while keeping the option open for future wastewater treatment, as and when required.
Technical Report
Environmental impact assessment for the proposed fifth power development project Malé City Kaafu Atoll, Maldives
(2015-11) Sandcays
This report discusses the findings of an environmental impact assessment for the construction and operation of the proposed 54MW power plant in Hulhumalé, Malé City under the proposed Fifth Power Development Project to provide a suitable power grid for the Greater Malé Region. This project is proposed by State Electric Company Ltd. (STELCO), an entirely state-owned and operated company. STELCO has over 700 employees working in the greater Malé region and twenty five outer islands. The total generating capacity in Malé and outer islands is approximately 29,622kW and 19,543kW respectively. With the exception of borrowings for the construction of major projects, such as the Third and Fourth Power System Development Project, STELCO finances its capital works and operations from its own revenue. The power demand in Malé has increase by 7 percent per annum within the last five years. From 2002 to 2012 no major capacity addition was installed. Instead smaller generators were installed to make up for the shortfall. These generators are high-speed generators and have a high maintenance requirement and low reliability. The operational life of a generator set is 25 years, hence by the year 2020, almost 16.5MW (DG1 to DG5) of generation capacity would have retired. The maximum power demand in Malé by the year 2018 and 2020 is expected to rise to 73MW and 85MW respectively. In order to cater for the rising demand, considering retiring of old generators, a new power project needs to be started by 2015 and is expected to complete in 26 months. Hence STELCO has formulated the Fifth power Development Project. This project will include the installation of 6 × 9MW diesel generators and other relevant accessories by the year 2018 to meet the current electricity demand in Male’. These generators will be designed and installed to operate using light fuel oils. The project will also include the installation of 4 LFO storage tanks of 800m3 and a seawater cooling system. The new generators will also be equipped with exhaust gas boilers to provide the steam required for the desalination plant and pipes to reduce the parasitic electric load of the powerhouse. The project site has been relocated to Hulhumalé which was initially planned to build in STELCO’s existing area in Malé. There are a number of negative environmental impacts of the project. However, there are also several benefits associated. The main benefit being that the existing concerns of air and noise pollution as a result of existing power house in Malé being in mixed residential, institutional and recreational area of Malé would be addressed. Noise is a major factor while some air pollution issues have been recently associated to some extent with the powerhouse under worst case meteorological conditions. Therefore, the relocation would help to eliminate such social concerns. As has been identified in the 2006 EIA for the Fourth Power Project, lack of space in Malé has been a major drawback on future expansion of power grid for Malé. The use of LFO will also help to minimize emissions. The proposed facility would also have improved fuel handling and management. Environmental monitoring is an essential component of the EIA process. However, this has been poorly practised in the Maldives and needs to be strengthened for the benefit of greater environmental performance of projects in the future. Therefore, monitoring has been given emphasis with a comprehensive monitoring programme involving noise and air emissions as well as the ground and marine water quality. Given that the project has several environmental benefits compared to current practices and especially current location, the project can be allowed to proceed as proposed. It is also important to STELCO to consider future expansion involving sustainable energy systems such as hybrid systems with solar energy.
Technical Report
Environmental impact assessment for the proposed brine discharge line Hulhumalé Industrial Zone Kaafu Atoll, Maldives
(2015-10) Sandcays
This report discusses the findings of an environmental impact study for the construction and operation of the proposed brine discharge line in Industrial Zone of Hulhumalé to allow ENSIS Factory to discharge the brine from their registered desalination plant as well as to provide the same for other industries who may require the service in future. The project involves construction of a pump well with a small dewatering pump that will pump the water from the location of the pump to the discharge location. The brine discharge line from the factory to the pump well would be a gravity line running along the side of the existing roads. The Proponent of this project is Housing Development Corporation (HDC), which has the primary function of providing housing and development infrastructure for Hulhumalé. The objective of the brine discharge line is to facilitate the ENSIS factory’s brine discharge while providing the same opportunity for other factories that may require the service once their desalination plants have been registered. Initially, the charges for the construction and operation of the brine discharge line will be borne by ENSIS Group, which would be compensated for as other factories connect their brine discharge line. An appropriate mechanism would be established. The depth of the pump well will be about 1.5m. Given the high elevation of the reclaimed land of Hulhumalé, only a small degree of dewatering may be required during the construction of the pump well. If required, dewatering will be carried out after necessary approvals under the Dewatering Regulation of the Maldives. The discharge line will run between the ENSIS factory and the quawall at the harbour area, where the brine will be discharged. Section of road will be excavated while a small section of asphalt road would be cut across to make way for the pipes, which will be made good once the pipes are laid. The discharge area is a dredged basin which is open to the Hulhumalé lagoon and at least 500m from the inner reefline on the western side of Hulhumalé. Due to shortage of fresh water supply during early development stage of the Industrial Zone in Hulhumalé, some developers had to install their own desalination plants to cater to their production demand. Similarly, a temporary discharge pipe had to be laid for waste and RO reject water disposal due to absence of sewer network in the area. On top of that, MWSC, the sole water and sewerage service provider for Hulhumalé has indicated to HDC that MWSC may start sewage treatment in 2015 and RO reject water may affect the treatment process. Most of the industries including the ENSIS fish factory needs large volumes of water and for that reason the factory has installed and recently registered their desalination plant with the Environmental Protection Agency. However, the application for the brine discharge line in the industrial zone has been held for over a year pending the resolution of the matter with MWSC. It is crucial that ENSIS factory is allowed to proceed to operate their registered RO plant. Therefore, HDC wishes to provide a separate brine discharge line for ENSIS and other similar industries demanding for the service. The proposed brine discharge line will ease the current difficulties faced by ENSIS and other factories in the industrial area. These industries are responsible for several job opportunities and contribute well to the state revenue and national GDP. ENSIS factory not only contributes to the fishery exports but also to sustainable fisheries and minimizes dependence on imports in a country where almost everything is imported. The impact area is the area to be excavated for the pipeline and the discharge location. The proposed project will have some minor negative impacts on the discharge location. However, the discharge location is the deepened/dredged lagoon, where there is no coral cover of any sort and the nearest housereef is about 500m from the discharge location. Therefore, the impact is of no significance. The impacts within the island will mainly consist of possible small scale and temporal changes to topography from laying out the pipe network and temporary negative effects on groundwater quality (if any). Since there were no significant environmental impacts identified for the proposed project, mitigation measure were general construction phase guidelines such as dust control measures and waste management plans. A monitoring programme has been suggested for at least two years. The monitoring would mainly focus on the water quality at the brine discharge location.

Academic Articles -- ޢިލްމީ ލިޔުންތަކުގެ ޖަމާ

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