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    Annual solar resources report for solar meteorological station after completion of 24 months of measurement
    (World Bank, 2018-09-26) World Bank; ވޯލްޑު ބޭންކު
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    Technical Report
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    Article
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    Site installation reports : wind resources mapping in the Maldives
    (World Bank, 2018-03-06) World Bank
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    Technical Report
    Site selection report : solar resources mapping in the Maldives
    (World Bank, 2015-02) World Bank
    1 SUMMARY Background This report is prepared within Phase 1 of the project Renewable Energy Resource Mapping for the Republic of the Maldives. This part of the project focuses on solar resource mapping and measurement services as part of a technical assistance in the renewable energy development implemented by the World Bank in Maldives. It is being undertaken in close coordination with the Ministry of Environment and Energy (MEE) of Maldives, the World Bank’s primary country counterpart for this project. This project is funded by the Energy Sector Management Assistance Program (ESMAP) and Asia Sustainable and Alternative Energy Program (ASTAE), both administered by the World Bank and supported by bilateral donors. Objective Important part of the project is to deliver high quality solar resource measured data that are to be used for validation of solar resource and meteorological models. Central in this effort is a focus on reducing uncertainty of the models and thus reducing financial and technical risk during implementation of solar energy technologies in Maldives. Objectives of the project are as follows: • To improve the quality of available information on RE resources in the Maldives by developing resource maps for priority renewables. • These resource maps will o Provide a detailed assessment and planning framework for RE resources in Maldives, o Increase the awareness and knowledge of the government and other energy sector players on renewable energy potential o Encourage new public and private sector investments in RE projects. This report identifies a long and short lists of potential solar measuring sites in Maldives and proposes set of instruments to be deployed and operated at the agreed meteorological sites. This report also ranks the sites, according to our findings, to contribute to the information-based decision-making on the final site selection. Data and methods Selection of candidate sites is the outcome of the methodology, which is based on the following steps: • Identification of representative climate zones in Maldives to understand geographical differences • Identification of areas not suitable for deployment of solar measuring stations • Description of localisation criteria for identification of preferred sites • Compilation of a long list of sites based on localisation criteria. Categorization of each site into Tier 1 and 2 category, description of instruments and equipment to be deployed for each category • Preliminary proposal of short-listed sites. The long list and preliminary short-list will serve to decision makers for negotiation and taking final decision about the set-up of the solar measuring network. The report is accompanied by analytical maps and criteria-supported arguments resulting in synthetic indicators and identification of long list and preliminary proposal for a short-list of candidate sites. Geographical differences of the country are discussed in Chapter 2. Quality and reliability of measuring campaign is one of the most important criteria taken into account. Chapter 3 describes the sites identified on the long list. From the local perspective, there are several localisation criteria for identification of the most suitable sites, such as accessibility, availability of personnel for maintenance and cleaning, security, sustainability of running the measurement campaign in a long term, acceptance/interest of the present land owner, and other economical and logistical criteria. In the report we rank long list of sites according to the above-mentioned criteria. Ranking from 1 to 5 (1 = not suitable and 5 = excellent) was attributed to each site, based on its suitability to host the station. This ranking Page 5 of 36 World Bank, Global ESMAP Initiative, Renewable Energy Resource Mapping: Solar − Maldives (Project ID: P146018) Site Selection Report ignored proximity to adjacent sites, i.e. two sites close to each other could both get a 5. Next, the sites were selected based on their geographic distribution and ranking. Based on the site ranking, we propose four out of long-listed sites as good candidates for deployment of solar measuring stations. At this point we should underline, that correct measurement routine during two years campaign is as important as selection of suitable location based on regional and local criteria. As the project objective is to provide high accuracy solar resource data and to attract the investors in solar energy, we consider as appropriate to locate at least one measurement station close to Malé and to highest electrical demand. These aspects of project deployment and implications for Phase 2 are discussed in Chapter 4. Results Based on the selection procedure we have identified a long list of 10 potential sites that are suitable for installation of Tier 1 and Tier 2 solar resource measuring instruments. In the report we describe 4 of them in a more detail. At this subset of sites managed by Maldives Meteorological Service (MMS), there is located a meteorological station with some instrumentation and personnel. The long-listed sites represent fully the climate of Maldives. We also propose a short list of preselected sites to facilitate the final decisions. To ensure viability of the project, regular maintenance and cleaning is inevitable precondition to achieve reliable validation data sets. From this perspective, hosts who are interested to acquire measurements for their professional purposes (during and after measurement campaign) create the priority group of potential hosts.
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    Technical Report
    Solar model validation report : solar resources mapping in the Maldives
    (World Bank, 2015-01) World Bank
    Background This Model Validation Report presents results of preliminary validation of solar resource and meteorological modelled data, within Phase 1 of the project Renewable Energy Resource Mapping for the Republic of the Maldives. This part of the project focuses on solar resource mapping and measurement services as part of a technical assistance in the renewable energy development implemented by the World Bank in Maldives. It is being undertaken in close coordination with the Ministry of Environment and Energy (MEE) of Maldives, the World Bank’s primary country counterpart for this project. This project is funded by the Energy Sector Management Assistance Program (ESMAP) and Asia Sustainable and Alternative Energy Program (ASTAE), both administered by the World Bank and supported by bilateral donors. Objective, data and methods The objective of this report is to document validation of solar resources calculated by satellite-based model SolarGIS and validation of meteorological data derived from the numerical weather model CFSR and CFSv2. Inventory in Chapter 3 identifies the existing data sources in the region: solar, aerosol and meteorological data. Aerosol data (more specifically Aerosol Optical Depth, AOD) from the MACC-II model is evaluated in Chapter 4, as this data is one of the inputs to SolarGIS clear-sky model. Chapter 5 shows relative comparison of SolarGIS GHI and DNI to other modelled databases. This chapter includes also the validation of SolarGIS in respect to solar resource measurements available in tropical climate of Asia. Chapter 6 shows validation of meteorological parameters that are delivered in the form of site-specific data sets and maps. Chapter 7 summarizes validation results in the interim estimate of uncertainty. Results Validation shows stable performance of SolarGIS model in the equatorial tropical region, though with higher uncertainty (compared to some other geographical regions). The SolarGIS uncertainty of the model can be reduced in Maldives, providing that high-quality solar resource measurements are available. The modelling results are presented in the Solar Modelling Report 129-01/2015.
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    Technical Report
    Solar modeling report : solar resources mapping in the Maldives
    (World Bank, 2015-02) World Bank
    1 SUMMARY Background This Modelling Report presents preliminary results of the project Renewable Energy Resource Mapping for the Republic of the Maldives. This part of the project focuses on solar resource mapping and measurement services as part of a technical assistance in the renewable energy development implemented by the World Bank in Maldives. It is being undertaken in close coordination with the Ministry of Environment and Energy (MEE) of Maldives, the World Bank’s primary country counterpart for this project. This project is funded by the Energy Sector Management Assistance Program (ESMAP) and Asia Sustainable and Alternative Energy Program (ASTAE), both administered by the World Bank and supported by bilateral donors. Objective and method The objective of the project, in Phase 1, is to increase the knowledge of solar resource potential for solar energy technologies by producing a comprehensive data set based on satellite and meteorological modelling. In Phase 1, SolarGIS approach is used in the preliminary mapping. The satellite-based and meteorological models are used for computing solar resource and meteorological data. These data are validated with ground measurements, available in a wider region representing this climate zone. Geospatial data are delivered in a format suitable for Geographical Information Systems (GIS), and also as digital maps. For four sites, representing variability of climate in Maldives, we delivered site-specific time series and Typical Meteorological Year (TMY) data. Data validation results are presented in the Model Validation Report 129-02/2015. Data delivery The following data parameters are resulting from this solar resource and meteorological modelling: • Global Horizontal Irradiation (GHI) and Global Tilted Irradiation: for assessment of photovoltaic technology • Direct Normal Irradiation (DNI): for Concentrated Solar Power and Concentrated Photovoltaics technologies, also important for accurate simulation of flat plate PV systems • Air temperature: this parameter determines efficiency of solar power plant operation. For site-specific data we delivered also wind speed, wind direction, and relative humidity data. • Photovoltaic electricity potential. The data products that are delivered as part of this preliminary solar modelling: 1. GIS data and digital maps for the whole territory of the Republic of the Maldives, representing long- term monthly and yearly averages. In addition hourly data values are delivered in specific data format: • Raster digital data layers for Geographical Information System (GIS), representing monthly and yearly values • High resolution digital maps of annual values for poster printing • Medium resolution digital maps of annual and monthly values for presentations • Digital image maps of yearly values for Google Earth and GIS • Support maps in a vector data format for GIS Page 10 of 98 World Bank, Global ESMAP Initiative, Renewable Energy Resource Mapping: Solar − Maldives (Project ID: P146018) Solar Modelling Report – Preliminary Results 2. Site specific data at hourly resolution are prepared for 4 representative sites: • Time series, for detailed solar resource analysis • Typical Meteorological Year (TMY), for use in solar energy simulation software. 3. NetCDF files with hourly data for the complete period 1999 to 2013 The deliveries for Phase 1 are designed to help effective development of solar energy strategies and projects in their first stages. The innovative features of the delivered data are: • High-resolution, harmonized solar, meteorological and geographical data computed by the best available methods and input data sources; • The data represent a continuous history of last 15 years (1999 to 2013); • The models used are extensively validated by GeoModel Solar and by external organizations. The data are supported by two expert reports: • Solar Modelling Report (129-01/2015, this report), describing the methods and results of Phase 1 activities; • Solar Model Validation Report (129-02/2015), describing the methods and results of the data validation. Phase 1 delivers data computed by SolarGIS model without any support of regional measurements. This phase will be followed by two additional phases: • In Phase 2 we will deploy and operate approx. four solar measuring stations in Maldives to collect high- quality site-specific solar and meteorological time series for adaptation of solar and meteorological models and for detailed analysis of solar climate at representative sites. This Phase is planned for a minimum of 24 months; • Phase 3 aims to combine site measurements with models, and to deliver a new version of the modelled database with reduced uncertainty. Copyright for the delivered data is © 2015 GeoModel Solar. Results This Solar Modelling Report is divided into twelve chapters. Solar radiation basics and collection of solar radiation data from different sources are described in Chapter 2. Characteristics and challenges of using modelled and ground-measured solar parameters are compared in Chapter 3. Chapter 4 describes measurement and modelling approaches for developing reliable meteorological data at any site. Chapter 5 provides a link between solar resource and meteorological parameters and relevant solar technologies. An emphasis is given to photovoltaic (PV) technology, which has high potential for developing larger-scale projects close to larger load centres, as well as deployment of smaller PV hybrid systems and minigrid applications for electrification in islands. Chapters 6 to 8 present developed solar resource and meteorological data in the form of maps. Four representative sites are selected to show potential regional geographical differences in the country through tables and graphs. Chapter 6 introduces some support geographical data that may help in PV development strategies. Chapter 7 summarizes geographical differences and seasonal variability of solar resources in Maldives. Chapter 8 presents PV power generation potential, calculating theoretical specific PV electricity output from the most commonly used PV technology: fixed system with crystalline-silicon (c-Si) PV modules optimally tilted and oriented towards the equator. The expected data uncertainty based on the validation exercise is summarized in Chapter 9. The complete methodology and detailed results can be consulted in the Model Validation Report 129-02/2015. The provided solar resource information, evaluated in the context of other location criteria (demographic, infrastructural, logistic and other constraints and priorities) is a good starting point for building solar energy strategy in Maldives. Chapter 10 outlines the best practices of solar data use in all stages of a project development and operation. Chapters 11 and 12 summarize the technical features of the delivered data products. Page 11 of 98 World Bank, Global ESMAP Initiative, Renewable Energy Resource Mapping: Solar − Maldives (Project ID: P146018) Solar Modelling Report – Preliminary Results Conclusions This Solar Modelling Report is supported by the results of preliminary modelling. The maps and site data for four representative sites, serve as an input for knowledge-based decisions targeting development of solar power. The Phase 1 outcomes show very good potential for exploitation of solar resources in Maldives, indicating very good opportunities for photovoltaics, predominantly small to medium size ground-mounted and roof-top systems. Concentrated photovoltaic is not recommended because of its space requirements and lower DNI in the equatorial climate zone.
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    Wind resources mapping in the Maldives : 12 month site resources report October 2014.
    (World Bank, 2018-10-12) World Bank; ވޯލްޑު ބޭންކު
    EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The World Bank (the “Customer”) retained Garrad Hassan America, Inc. (DNV GL) to complete a 12-month Site Resource Report, which consists of an independent analysis of the wind regime and energy production at two locations in the Maldives, as part of the Wind Resource Assessment and Mapping in the Maldives project. The key results of the work are reported here. The project is primarily funded by the Energy Sector Management Assistance Program (ESMAP). The original objective of the project was to provide a validated mesoscale wind atlas for the Maldives, including associated datasets. The project aimed to provide policy makers in the Maldives and other stakeholders with accurate and valuable knowledge of the national wind resource, including complementary tools, which can be of direct practical use, both for formulating energy policy and implementing wind projects. As part of Phase 2 of the project, meteorological data is to be collected at two sites over a 2-year period. The 12-month Site Resource Report provides interim wind resource statistics at the two measurement locations and energy production estimates for wind turbines installed in the vicinity of the measurement locations. A single Lidar unit was installed and commissioned at each of the two sites in April 2017. Based on a single year of data collection, DNV GL has evaluated the wind resource at each location, the long-term wind regime, and the estimated energy production based on two turbine options: • The Vergnet GEV MP C 275 kW wind turbine, with a rotor diameter of 32 m and a hub height of 50 m. • A generic 3 MW wind turbine, with a rotor diameter of 100 m and a hub height of 100 m. A brief summary of the key results is presented in the table below. Results Hoarafushi Thulusdhoo Turbine type GEV MP C Generic GEV MP C Generic Turbine rated power [kW] 275 3000 275 3000 Hub height [m] 50 100 50 100 Average air density at hub elevation [kg/m3] 1.15 1.14 1.15 1.14 On-site measurement period [years] 1.0 1.0 Long-term reference period [years] 15.3 15.3 Long-term hub height wind speed at Lidar [m/s] 4.9 5.2 5.5 5.7 Average turbine wind speed [m/s] 5.0 5.2 5.6 5.8 20-year P50 Net Energy [GWh/annum] 0.271 3.77 0.346 4.56 20-year P50 Net Capacity Factor [%] 11.2% 14.3% 14.3% 17.4% DNV GL – Document No.: 702909-AUME-R-08, Issue: B Page 6 www.dnvgl.com Other key conclusions and recommendations from the analysis are as follows: • The primary outcome of this study is the establishment of state-of-the-art remote sensing wind measurement systems at two locations in the Maldives. The measurements collected from the Lidar units at both sites are considered good both in terms of data quality and data coverage. • The long-term wind regime at both sites has been estimated using a combination of MERRA-2 and ERA-Interim reanalysis data. There is increased uncertainty in these estimates due to the lack of ground-based reference data, and the relatively short period of data. This has led to the long-term wind regime uncertainty being a major contributor to the overall uncertainty in the energy prediction. • The wind regime across both sites has been predicted using WAsP wind flow modelling. The proposed turbine locations are situated approximately 1 km from the Lidar monitoring locations. As a result, the horizontal extrapolation (or wind flow modelling) uncertainty is a relatively minor contributor to the overall uncertainty in the energy prediction. • The proposed wind turbine locations are preliminary and consider only general siting requirements. Detailed environmental, technical, or construction constraints have not been considered at this stage. The analysis presented here aims to provide a general understanding of how a generic wind turbine would be sited and how it would perform. • There are a number of losses and uncertainties applied to the energy estimates presented above, for which DNV GL’s standard assumptions have been made at this stage, or for which an analysis was not within DNV GL’s scope of work. It is recommended that the Customer considers each of the loss categories carefully when using the results in this report for stakeholder engagement.