Academic Articles -- ޢިލްމީ ލިޔުންތަކުގެ ޖަމާ
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Item Environmental impact assessment for extension of Kooddoo Domestic Airport and development of a city hotel Kooddoo, GA. Atoll(2013-12) Adam, M. Shiham; Riyaz, Mahmood1. The domestic airport of Kooddoo was built during 2011 and was officially opened in 2011. This 1,200 m long airstrip in the north eastern side of the Ga Atoll serving the emerging high-end resorts have become one of the busiest and most important domestic airports in the south. It is normal to have 7-8 flights per day with mostly tourist passengers arriving and departing. Also relatively large volume local passengers make use of the route for transferring to the islands in the south or simply commuting on business trips. It was also noticed that guests with reputable business credentials were requesting to resort operators to allow their own air-craft (jet) to fly Kooddoo direct rather than having inconvenient and long layover times at Hulhule Ibrahim Nasir International Airport. 2. In order to address this need the Ministry of Tourism (previously Ministry of Tourism, Arts and Culture) engaged with the Maldives Civil Aviation Authority and the Ministry of Transport and Communication in a development project to extend the airstrip and also to upgrade and modernize the airport to provide services to international standards. Keong Hong Construction Pte Ltd, a reputable property developer in the region, won the airport development contract through competitive bidding tendered by the Ministry of Tourism. The negotiated contract agreement included development of a 50-room city hotel on Kooddoo and also development of Ga. Maamutaa as an upper-class tourist resort. Under the same agreement the Kooddoo airport will also be managed by Keong Hong Construction Pte Ltd, who now has an Aerodrome Certificate to run the airport under their name 3. Following the new Regulation on Reclamation and Dredging of Islands Lagoon and Reefs a permit for dredging and reclamation work was obtained before the scoping of the project took place. As such all paper works, including the dredging and reclamation permit was submitted for the Scoping Meeting held at EPA and was attended by stakeholders. 4. The scope of this development project is to reclaim about 260 m long and 150 m wide area from both ends of the island to extend the runway to 1,800 m, to dredge and create 500 m long entrance channel from the western corner of the reef connected to a harbour basin with access walkway jetty. The scope also includes the complete development works of the 50-room city hotel including upgrading of airport services and equipment following the expansion airport capacity. The most significant development activity with regards environmental change is the dredging of western side, reclamation of the both ends and development 25 over-water bungalows on the shallow lagoon on the western side. 5. Existing environmental conditions have been revised using the comprehensive set of baseline data gathered for the airport development project in 2011 but supplemented by additional field data gathered during the visit made in late November 2013. These have been used to assess and evaluate the environmental impacts from development activities. For activities with potential to cause significant impacts, appropriate and practical mitigation measures have been proposed. 6. Since management of Kooddoo airport is now under Keong Hong Construction Pte Ltd the plan is to upgrade and expand the utility services (production of water, generation of electrify and overhauling of sewerage system) to meet the additional requirements of the proposed city hotel. As such the developer plans to add on to the existing structures and arrangements as much as possible to cut down development costs and improve efficiency. 7. The developer pans to increase current water production capacity of 150 cubic meters per day to 450 cubic meters per day. This would involve installing and commissioning of 2 x 150 cubic meters day capacity RO plants. Electricity generation will be increased from its current capacity of 250kVA to 3110 kVA by adding 2x800 kVA units and 2x630 kVA units. The current septic sewerage system will be overhauled to modern Membrane Bioreactor (MBR) plant with a capacity to treat 200 cubic meters of sewage water per day The outflow water will have negligible amount of coliforms and so will be used for watering the plants and landscaping work. 8. Installation and commissioning of electricity generation and water production system will be done as per guidelines of the Maldives Energy Authority and Environmental Protection Agency respectively. Similarly, to ensure safety, drilling of boreholes for source water for RO plant and construction of 150,000 liters of fuel storage, and 20,000 liters of petrol will be stored in bunded areas. Environmental issues arising from these developments have been identified and practical mitigation measures have been proposed. It has been recommend that water production system and power generation system should be registered with the authorities before the its full commissioning. 9. Reclamation works and extension of runway will take place whilst the airport is in operation. In order to avoid disruption of flight schedules it is advised the developer/contractor provide method statements, including details on plans and schedule of activities that should be agreed in consultation with the Civil Aviation Authority. Coordination should be maintained at all times between the Air-traffic control tower and developer/contractor. Fortunately since the developer and airport management is the same company it is envisaged that there should not be any problems for this coordination. 10. The estimated volume of material recovered from dredging /excavation works is around 70,000 cubic meters. However, the estimated volume required for reclamation is estimated at 120,000 cubic meters. Alternative borrow areas have been identified to make up for this short fall. The issues were discussed at the Scoping Meeting and it was agreed that area on the south eastern side where the reef-flat is widest may be identified as a potential borrow area. Climate condition and orientation of the Kooddoo reef is such that lagoon often times becomes rough, thus prohibitive safe entry. As such hard structures (breakwaters) have been proposed for the channel and the harbor basin. 11. The proposed reclamation work on either end of the island extends close to the reef edge, creating the possibility of blocking the water exchange from the eastern and western side. It was noted that this may cause disruption of the established longshore drifts flow around the island creating areas of pockets of erosion and accretion. Since it will be difficult to predict such changes, appropriate environmental monitoring have been proposed. The developer/operator is encouraged to follow the monitoring programme and report to the authorities on a regular basis. Environmental monitoring allows detecting environmental change so that appropriate remedial action may be taken or addressed in a timely manner. 12. A Leopold Matrix has been used to classify the magnitude and importance of possible impacts which may arise during the constructional and operational phase of the project. Leopold Matrix is the most widely used methodology for identifying the impact of a project on the environment. It is a two dimensional matrix which cross references between the activities which are foreseen to have potential impacts on the environment and the existing conditions (environmental and social) which could be affected. It was concluded that the short term minor to moderate impacts as identified above outweigh the medium to long term socio-economic benefits to the region, to the tourism sector and to the country in general. 13. Since the Kooddoo Island is going to have three distinct business entities, namely Kooddoo Fisheries Maldives Ltd, Kooddoo Airport, and the Kooddoo City Hotel, the EIA report includes, an officially approved boundary demarcations in Annex 3.Item Environmental impact assessment for beach nourishment and maintenance dredging of access channels and harbour in Thulhaagiri Island(2014-01) Adam, M. Shiham; Riyaz, Mahmood1. Thulhaagiri is a small round island in the central North Malé Atoll. Located just north of Bandos Island resort, the island may be considered one of the oldest resorts in the Maldives, now operating for over 25 years. Currently in full operation, the resort has 52 beach bungalows and 34 over-water bungalows equipped with modern facilities and amenities. The current management of the resort is Angiri Resorts and Management Operation Pvt Ltd, which have been operating the resort for close to 15 years. 2. Owing to its somewhat isolated location in the centre of a large atoll basin, the island is exposed to wind driven waves from eastern and western side of the reef. Consequently the operators have been using two sides of the island for entry into the reef. During the SW monsoons season when winds are blowing from west the eastern entry is used and during north NE Monsoon when the winds are blowing from East and northwest the entry on the western side is used. 3. The inner reef flat used as a harbour sheltered by the well-developed reef crest. The area is shallow, but over time the reef flat becomes shallower due to deposition of sand. In order to maintain the depth at safer levels for the speedboats and vessels, a small pump is used to dredge the areas that get shallower. This has been the practice the resort operators. 4. The objective of the proposed project is to undertake maintenance dredging of the channels on the eastern and western side of the island and to deepen the reef flat area that is being used as harbour. And finally it is proposed to make use of the dredged sand to nourish the receding beaches on the north eastern side of the island. 5. The project activity is justified since these regular pumping and deepening of the channels and reef flat is inconvenient and hinders the smooth operation of the resort. During bad weather entry into the Thulhaagiri is dangerous and risky. There is also a need to rebuild the lost beach on the north-eastern side of the island, now felt necessary by the operators to maintain Thulhaagiri’s market position. 6. Following the recently established regulation on dredging and reclamation of the islands and lagoons, a permit was first obtained for the proposed reclamation and dredging followed by the scoping of the environmental impact assessment of these activities. This EIA is follows the Terms of Reference developed and agreed at the scoping meeting. 7. Dredging will be carried out by using a dredger mounted on a flat-top shallow-draft barge. A temporary sand bed may be constructed on the excavations area. Sand required for the construction of the bed will be obtained by excavation from the adjacent shallow areas. 8. Excavated material deposited on the barge will be transported and deposited on the beach identified for extending where it will be sieved. The coarse material will be deposited first for filling and extending the area followed the finer material on top. Temporary measures will be taken to avoid the sediment washing into the lagoon. Nourished beach will then be levelled using excavators, loaders or manually by the labourers. 9. It has been proposed that timing of this activity should be restricted to February and March, which is the transition period from northeast to southwest monsoon. Wind frequency and magnitude during the period is on the lower side. 10. The total time taken for this activity is estimated at 30 days following approval (or issuing of decision note) following successful evaluation of this report. The key mitigation measures other then timing is that limit dredging activity at lower or slack tide as much as possible. 11. The proponent has provided a commitment letter confirming accepting and confirming their responsibility on mitigation measures suggested in the report and environmental compliance during this undertaking of the proposed activities.Item Environmental impact assessment fish packing and processing facility Euroglobal Maldives Pvt Ltd Huraa, North Malé Atoll(2013-03) Adam, M. Shiham; Riyaz, Mahmood1. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) recently noted some fish processing facilities in operation do not have environmental clearance for their projects. EPA informed Ministry of Fisheries and Agriculture that all fisheries projects should have submitted the Decision Note on environmental clearance before issuing the Fish Processing License. 2. Euroglobal Maldives Pvt Ltd established on island of K. Huraa Island falls under this category. Originally built and owned by the erstwhile HMS Pvt Ltd, Euroglobal acquired the facility during November 2009. There were no records of an EIA for Huraa’s fish processing and packing facility by HMS either. When Euroglobal Pvt Ltd appeared to renew its Fish Processing License, the Ministry of Fisheries and Agriculture issued a temporary Fish Processing license and requested to undertake EIA for the project. 3. The work of Euroglobal Maldives Pvt Ltd is essentially packing fresh yellowfin tuna (Thynnus albacares) in variety of forms and exporting to EU-Territories and the USA. Their main products are gill and gutted, head and gutted, loins and fillets. The lowgrade tuna and off-cuttings including belly flaps, trimming are sold in Malé outlets through their agents in Malé. Fresh yellowfin tuna are sourced from Maldivian fishermen fishing from local boats. The catch is exclusively caught from the handline method which used livebait, but has little of no-by catch. The fish are gill and gutted and bled before storing in ice boxes. Trips may last 10-14 days fish normally sold for the highest offer, currently range from MVR 65-160 per kg. 4. The fish processing and packing facility is located on the north western corner of reclaimed area of Huraa, at the northern end of the urbanized area. The landing and access to the facility faces to the north which also happens to be the mouth of the mangrove area – Kulhi, which is a protected site. Tidal currents flow along the seawall in an out of the mangrove area. The area, slightly west, is also where the fishing vessel alongside the sea-wall for landing the catch. Sediment run off from the mangrove area has made the area shallower almost completely exposing during low tide. The area also has a seagrass bed on the western side nourished (and fertilized) by the nutrients run off from the mangrove area. 5. The waste water stream from the factory is released directly to the area, in front of the mouth into the tidal stream. Waste water includes, sewage mixed with water released from the collection septic tank, blood water mixed with drainage from the factory floors and reject (brine) water from RO plants. Because the area is shallow little water mixing takes place causing eutrophication and foul smell. Water quality tests show high nutrient load (sulphate + ammonia). As a result water quality test showed high BOD and excessive counts of coliform colonies and faecal coliforms. It was recommended to make direct connection to Huraa sewerage network or pump the waste stream outside reef into deep water into the channel. 6. The water production and power generation takes place in the compound. Two diesel generators with 500kvA capacity are in operation. A diesel fuel tank on a metal frame outside the power house serves the fuel to the generators. However, signs of oil spill during filling and change of oil filters was evident on the ground. These were identified as impacts and remedial measures were proposed. Water production takes place from two RO plants. Electricity from domestic grid is also present but due to high electricity demand during ice and water production it has not been possible to use effectively the local power supply. 7. Feed water for RO plant and ice production is sourced from the lagoon on the western side of the facility. The intake pipe is placed in a concrete well with the granite aggregate serving as a sand filter. Intake from the sea is difficult to main and prone to contamination given that intake is actually not far from the polluted are on the northern side. It was recommended to install a bore-hole for sourcing water for the plants. Water production is supplemented by rainwater harvest from the roof of the main building. There is about 50,000 Litres of water storage on the site. Both water plant and power generation plant required to be registered in EPA and Maldives Energy Authority respectively. 8. There are three ice plants with a total capacity of 150 MT/day. Again sea-water from the lagoon is used as feed water. Ice is given to fishermen free of charge, but only for fishermen who sell their catch. 9. Raw material (fresh fish) is supplied by the Maldivian fishermen who conduct fishing in local vessel with local crew. During 2012, record show some 150 unique vessel sold fish to Euroglobal Pvt. Ltd. During the initial stages of these processing companies supported fishermen on condition of selling the catch to facilities. Euroglobal Pvt Lrd provided icebox and start-up capital was provided. 10. The economic activity been done don by the Euroglobal is highly profitable. At present some US$ 40million per year is declared at the Customs which represents close to 50% of the total marine export earnings to the country. Although there are no accurate records at MoFA, 50% of the licensed fishing vessel (total ~750) is likely to be exclusively handline yellowfin fishing vessels. This gives the scale of this activity and positive socioeconomic impact from this activity. 11. An indirect impact from the work of Euroglobal Pvt Ltd would be the potential negative impact to the yellowfin tuna stock. Yellowfin tuna is considered to be straddling and highly migratory and the stock is distributed across to the entire Indian Ocean. However, since the current catches from Maldives represent only 7-8% of the total Indian Ocean yellowfin tuna catch (~300,000 MT/year) local harvesting levels may not cause much impact at the current level of fishing mortality. 12. Taking together all the activities of the Euroglobal Pvt Ltd (the main work of the sourcing fish, cutting, cleaning and packing and the support activities of producing electricity, water, ice and waste) the positive environmental impact far outweighs the negative impacts from the waste. These impacts can be made reversible and remedied. If the recommendation and mitigation measures are implemented, the development project of Euroglobal Pvt Ltd should be environmentally sound.