Academic eBooks - ޢިލްމީ އީފޮތުގެ ޖަމާ
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Item Removing restrictions to enhance gender equality : women business and the law 2014(International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, 2013) World BankItem Women, business and the law 2010 : measuring legal gender parity for entrepreneurs and workers in 128 economies(World Bank, 2010) World BankItem The Maldives: an updating economic memorandum(South Asia Programs Department, 1983-04-11) World BankItem The Economy of the Maldives: an introduction(South Asia Programs Department, 1980-04-02) World BankItem Maldives public expenditure review(The Government of the Republic of Maldives, 2002-12-02) World BankItem Doing business 2013 : smarter regulations for small and medium size enterprises(ވޯލްޑު ބޭންކު, 2013) World BankItem Doing business 2015 : going beyond efficiency : comparing business regulation domestic firms in 189 economics(World Bank, 2015) World Bank; ވޯލްޑު ބޭންކުItem Phase 2 implementation plan : solar resources mapping in the Maldives(World Bank, 2015-10) World BankExecutive Summary Within the past decade Maldives has moved from low- to middle-income status, introduced democracy, and been hailed as a Millennium Development Goal Plus country. Unlike in much of South Asia, women face little discrimination in basic aspects of life such as education, health, and survival; however, gender inequality exists. Specifically, Maldives exhibits a classic case of a relatively prosperous country where gender inequalities in basic well-being are largely diminished but where other social and cultural gendered restrictions, especially on women’s roles within and outside the home, persist and may be expanding. An insufficiently inclusive model of economic development forms the backdrop for gender dynamics in Maldives. Additionally, despite several gender- egalitarian laws, persistent deficiencies in law and governance hamper improve- ments in gender equality. Improvements are also hampered by a conservative shift in family structure and religious life toward rigid, inegalitarian roles for men and women. Finally, youth are growing increasingly disconnected from family and society and traditional identities that defined their transition to adult- hood, a situation that poses particular risks for young men. Gender differentials are nuanced in work and schooling. Women’s labor force participation is high but limited to lower echelons of the economy. Women are slightly more likely than men to be unemployed. There is no gender bias in pri- mary and secondary schooling, but girls’ access to tertiary and professional educa- tion is curbed by beliefs about girls’ and women’s mobility and primacy of household roles over others. Within the home, women face challenges that men do not, such as high risks of domestic violence and little control over household assets. Finally, women have limited presence in local and national politics and governance. Men face different gendered consequences. Shifts in notions of masculinity from gender egalitarian to increasingly conservative preferences for the separa- tion of gender roles inside and outside the home place the onus of earning on young men. At the same time, young men are dissatisfied with current economic options, and youth unemployment is high. This disaffection, combined with a lack of strong alternative social structures to replace the breakdown of traditional family structures that has accompanied Maldives’ development trajectory, appear to be propelling young men toward greater social conservatism, participation in gangs, drug use, and violence. xiii Understanding Gender in Maldives • http://dx.doi.org/10.1596/978-1-4648-0868-5 xiv Executive Summary Overall, women are more disadvantaged in more realms of life than are men. Moreover, public support for gender equality and women’s rights on various aspects of life appears to be declining, particularly as regards work and family interactions. These developments are worrying for the future of gender equality in Maldives, as well as for a more inclusive development model that would offer opportunities to both men and women, in youth and adulthood.Item World Bank and Country Opinion Survey. (2005). Maldives : the world bank group country survey FY 2014 : report of findings October 2014.(World Bank, 2014-10) World Bank; Country Opinion SurveyItem Tsunami : impact and recovery : joint needs assessment(World Bank, 2005-02-15) World Bank; Asian Development; UN SystemThe tsunami which hit Maldives on 26 December, 2004 was a nation-wide disaster which caused severe damage to the physical infrastructure of many islands. The tsunami has set back the high levels of social progress and prosperity achieved in recent years. Total damages are estimated to be US$470 million, 62% of Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Of these losses, direct losses are $298 million, or about 8% of the replacement cost of the national capital stock. Severe damage was caused to houses, tourist resorts, boats and other fishing equipment, schools, health facilities, transport and communication equipment, water and sanitation, and electricity infrastructure. There has also been substantial damage to agricultural crops and perennial trees. Farms, homestead plots, and aquifers have been salinized. The physical damage has led to severe human suffering inasmuch as large segments of the population have lost their dwellings, lifetime assets, savings, and sources of livelihood. About 7% of the population is now living in temporary shelters or with relatives. The total damage estimate of US$470 million does not, however, include a very real and critical cost that would demand additional financing, namely the cost of environmental damage and substantial soil erosion on many affected islands that to a great extent rely for their livelihoods on agriculture and home based market gardening; these costs could not yet be quantified as detailed surveys are still under way. The transmission of the physical damage into an economic shock occurred to a large extent via contraction of the tourism and fisheries sectors, which sustained the largest losses. Lost tourism and fisheries income will cause GDP growth, employment, and government revenues to contract this year. The revival of the Maldivian economy depends critically on how fast the two leading sectors, tourism and fisheries, recover. Public financing for the reconstruction of lost or damaged assets and infrastructure, and for providing temporary income support to the affected, will be critical. In terms of impacts on the Government's long-term development strategy, the tsunami has reinforced the established policy of encouraging voluntary population movements to less vulnerable islands, which has now assumed even greater urgency than in the past. This policy aims to mitigate the risks of future tsunamis and rising sea levels, help realize economies of scale in the provision of public and private services in the atolls, strengthen service quality in the atolls, improve welfare, and help retain the population in the atolls. The government has made a commendable effort to provide swift relief to the affected and is now engaged in planning and executing a reconstruction program. Reconstruction of public assets and restoring lost government revenue will require financing of $364 million, most of which will need to come from external sources in grants and highly concessional loans. This document spells out in some detail the physical damage and human suffering caused by the tsunami, the recovery strategy, and financing needs. A set of accompanying annexes discuss impacts of the tsunami on individual sectors in greater detail.