Fisheries - މަސްވެރިކަން
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Item The size of the Maldivian tuna livebait fishery(Marine Research Section, Ministry of Fisheries and Agriculture, 1994) Anderson, R. C.; އާރް. ސީ. އެންޑާރސަންItem The Maldivian tuna livebait fishery : status and trends(Marine Research Section, Ministry of Fisheries and Agriculture, 1997) Anderson, R. Charles; އާރް. ޗާރލްސް އެންޑާރސަންItem Commercial exploitation of reef resources: examples of sustainable and non-sustainable utilization from the Maldives(Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, 1997) Adam, M.S.; Anderson, R.C.; Shakeel, H.Sustainable Maldivian reef fisheries include the tuna livebait 'fishery, the historical money cowry fishery and the export of marine aquarium fish. Non-sustainable export fisheries include those of sea cucumber, giant clam, deepwater shark and grouper. The tuna livebait fishery has been in existence for over one thousand years and mainly targets small pelagics. Money cowries were exported for hundreds of years to Asia and Africa. These fisheries share the characteristics of large resource base, low unit value and wide distribution of low-impact fishing effort. The sea cucumber, giant clam and the deep water shark fisheries share the characteristics of large resource base, low population turn over rates, ease of collection and high unit value. The grouper and aquarium fisheries have intermediate characteristics. The aquarium fishery maybe sustainable because it has a large resource base and limited entry. The grouper fishery may not be sustainable because both fishing effort and unit value are high.Item Maldives national report submitted to the Indian Ocean Tuna Commission Scientific Committee ‐ 2017(Marine Research Centre, Ministry of Fisheries and Agriculture, 2017-11-12) Ahusan, Mohamed; Adam, M. Shiham; Ziyad, Adam; Ali, Khadheeja; Shifaz, Ahmed; މުޙައްމަދު އަހުސަން; އެމް. ޝިހާމް އާދަމް; އާދަމް ޒިޔާދު; ޚަދީޖާ ޢަލީThe Maldivian tuna fishery comprises of four main components; pole-and-line, handline, longline and troll line. The most important is still the traditional livebait pole-and-line tuna fishery. The main target species is skipjack tuna (Katsuwonus pelamis), but small amounts of juvenile yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares) are also caught in the fishery of which about 5-10% is bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus). Handline fishery is still expanding which targets large yellowfin tuna (> 70 cm FL) from the surface (<10m). Following termination of joint venture licencing in 2010, a fully Maldivian-flagged longline fishery is now established. Troll fishery is minor and targets mainly neritic species of kawakawa (Euthynnus affinis) and frigate tuna (Auxis thazard), but occasionally also catches skipjack and yellowfin tuna. Total tuna catches for the 5 species of tunas (skipjack tuna, yellowfin tuna, bigeye tuna, frigate tuna and kawakawa) caught in the Maldives was at about 126,000 t. These catches came from pole and line, handline, longline and trolling gear. Pole and line catch, dominated by skipjack tuna, was at 69,500 t while the handline catch, which targets surface dwelling schools of large yellowfin tuna, was at 53,000 t. Landings from the longline fleet observed an increase from the previous year to 1,300 t. The catch from trolling fleet continues to be on the decline with a mere 64 t being reported in 2015 Skipjack tuna registered a slight decrease in catch in 2016 relative to 2015 (~1%). Catches for the most recent five years ranged between 50 and 75,000 t, with an average of 67,000 t. catches have been of the order of 50,000 – 75,000 t. Caches of yellowfin are steadily increasing, due to the growing handline fishery. Most recent five years’ catch averaged at 49,000 t with a range of 44 – 53,700 t. Bigeye tuna landings increased by ~42% to 2,400 t in 2016. The growth was driven by the increased contribution from longline and pole and line. Maldives pole-and-line and handline tuna fishery have minimal impact on the ecosystem. Catch and interactions with Endangered, Threatened and Protected (ETP) species and other species of ecological importance is virtually non-existent. Sharks bycatch and turtles are reported from the longline fishery, which has strict measures to report and release those that are caught. In addition, measures to mitigate bird entanglement in the longline gear are mandated by law. Logbooks for all the tuna fisheries have provisions to report catch and interactions of ETP species. Marine Research Centre currently conducts scientific observations of fishing trips that allow verification of logbook reported data. The national data collection was based on complete enumeration system, which is now replaced by a modern logbook data collection system. A web-enabled database is now online to allow compilation and processing of catch and effort data. The web-enabled database is also used to record tuna purchases by the exporters. The database will also help maintain records of active fishing vessel and fishing licenses. Vessel monitoring system covers 100% of the longline vessels and trips and a number of pole and line and handline vessels. In addition, the observer data collected from pole-and-line and handline fisheries enable verification of fishermen reported data. Beginning 2018, electronic observer systems will be installed on licensed fishing vessels on a rotational basis to cover 5% of the trips. A number of research programs funded by the Government and NGOs are currently being implemented. The programs are geared towards improving national reporting and compliance to IOTC conservation and management measures and towards understanding and minimising impacts of fisheries on the ecosystem. Research activities relevant to fisheries managed by IOTC include work on understanding the behaviour of tunas around Anchored FADs, understanding the socio-economic dimensions in tuna fisheries of the coastal states in the context of IOTC rights-based management and allocation issues, bycatch sampling, and continued development of the Fishery Information System.Item Maldives pole-and-line tuna fishery : livebait fishery review 2015(Marine Research Section, Ministry of Fisheries and Agriculture, 2015) Jauharee, A. Riyaz; Neal, Ken; Miller, Kelsey I.; އޭ. ރިޔާޒް ޖައުހަރީ; ކެން ނީލް; ކެލްސީ އައި. މިލަރFishing for tuna is an important industry in the Maldives, providing employment for thousands of people and contributing up to 1.3% of GDP (NBS 2014). The pole-and-line fishery for tuna targets skipjack Katsuwonus pelamis , yellowfin Thunnus albacares and big eye Thunnus obesus . The pole-and-line fishery depends on livebait: small shoaling fish that are thrown alive into the water behind the fishing vessel to elicit a feeding response in the tuna and encourage them to attack the lures on line at the end of the poles whereupon they are flicked into the fishing vessel. These small fish are collected with rectangular lift nets, often using lights at night to lure them to the water’s surface, within atolls prior to each fishing trip in the open ocean and are kept alive on the fishing vessel in tanks in the vessels’ hold. The pole-and-line tuna fishery was accredited by the Marine Stewardship Council as being sustainable in 2012 but with eight conditions, one of which concerned the quantity of livebait being harvested and another with the interaction of endangered, threatened and protected species (ETP) with the livebait fishery. Since 2010, logbook data has been collected throughout the Maldives on the quantity and type of bait being collected by pole-and-line fishers as well as any interactions with ETP species. Initially, low numbers of logbook records were returned and therefore only data from 2011 onwards was included in the analysis. Logbook returns peaked in 2013 at over ten thousand records but not all of these could be used due to missing pieces of information. Nevertheless, once the data had been filtered for full records, many thousands of data points were used in the analysis. Silver sprat Spratelloides gracilis was the most important bait species throughout the Maldives with varying contributions to livebait catches from blue sprat Spratelloides delicatulus, anchovy Encrasicholina heteroloba, cardinalfish Apogonidae, fusiliers Caesionidae and species of Chromis. 7 Analysis of catches showed great variability in quantities of livebait between region, year and month. Statistical comparison of catches between years was impaired in many cases by lack of data, but many species showed either no significant difference in catches between years or a decrease from 2011 to 2014, depending on region. Importantly, any differences between years were not consistent by species or region and therefore changes in catches may be related to local depletion or inter-annual variability in abundance of these short-lived species rather than population-level effects of the bait fishery. Logbook data on interactions of the collection of bait fish with ETP species was lacking and therefore appraisal was made using that collected by independent observers of bait fishing operations. All indications are that ETP species are not harmed in any way by bait fishing and occasional entanglement or entrapment in the gear usually results in the organism in question being released without injury. Sharks and stingrays are an exception (not ETP species globally but do benefit from protection in the Maldivian waters) which occasionally suffer injury when being extracted from the nets used for collecting bait.Item Pole-and-line bait : common livebait used in the pole-and-line tuna fishery - Maldives(Marine Research Section, Ministry of Fisheries and Agriculture, 2018) Jauharee, A. R.; އޭ. އާރ. ޖައުހަރީItem Handline tuna fishery : common livebait used in the handline tuna fishery of the Maldives(Marine Research Section, Ministry of Fisheries and Agriculture, 2018) Jauharee, A. R.; އޭ. އާރ. ޖައުހަރީItem ރޭގަނޑު އެންދެމުން(Marine Research Section, Ministry of Fisheries and Agriculture, 2014) އޭ. އާރ. ޖައުހަރީ; Jauharee, A. R.Item ދުވާލު އެންދެމުން(Marine Research Center, Ministry of Fisheries and Agriculture, 2014) Jauharee, A. R.; އޭ. އާރ. ޖައުހަރީItem Inter annual variation in livebait utilization in the Maldives(Marine Research Section, Ministry of Fisheries and Agriculture, 1995) Anderson, R. C.; Saleem, M. R.; އާރ. ސީ. އެންޑަރސަން; އެމް. އާރ. ސަލީމް