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Item The antibacterial properties of stingless bee honey in Malaysia and its effects as food preservative(Research Development Office, The Maldives National University, 2022-12) Julika, W. N.; Ajit, A.; Naila, A.; Nabilah, N.F.; Aliyah, N. A.; Sulaiman, A. Z.; ވ. ނ. ޖުލިކާ; އ. އަޖިތު; އ. ނާއިލާ; ނ. ފ. ނަބީލާ; ނ. އ. އާލިޔާ; އ. ޒ. ސުލައިމާންNowadays consumers are more anxious about the usage of artificial preservatives as it poses a number of serious health risks. Thus, the demands of using natural preservatives in food are on the rise. The knowledge on the preservative effect of Malaysian stingless bee honey is limited. Hence, the objectives of this research are to evaluate the ability of stingless bee honey to inhibit the growth of bacteria and to investigate the effectiveness of stingless bee honey as a natural food preservative. This research was conducted by characterizing honey based on physicochemical analysis including pH, moisture content and sugar profile (glucose, fructose and sucrose), and examining the antimicrobial properties of stingless bee honey. The antibacterial property of stingless bee honey and commercial honey was examined by agar well diffusion where the commercial honey demonstrated a lower antibacterial property [Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus)] due to processing and storage conditions. Three samples of food which are milk, bread and commercial sambal hitam (spicy black sauce mainly made from bilimbi, Averrhoa bilimbi) were selected to evaluate the preservative nature of honey by comparing the microbial growth in all food samples with and without the presence of honey. By evaluating the turbidity of food samples at 550nm, the result showed that microbial growth count of samples with stingless bee honey is lower compared to samples with commercial honey and without honey. Besides that, stingless bee honey successfully inhibited 53% of bacterial growth and it was discovered that stingless bee honey was more effective against the gram - negative bacteria. Thus, due to the antibacterial properties, stingless bee honey can be used as a natural food preservative.Item Emotional Intelligence and test anxiety among secondary school students In EGOR locality Of EDO state, Nigeria(Research Development Office, The Maldives National University, 2014-07) Alhie, Osenweugwor Ngosi; އޮސެންވެއުގްވޯރ ންގޯސީ އަލްހީ; Toyin, Adeyemi Florence; އަޑެޔެމީ ފްލޮރެންސް ޓޮއިންThe study investigated emotional intelligence and test anxiety among secondary school students in Egor Locality of Edo State, Nigeria with a view to guide them to overcome the usual fear syndrome associated with examinations.The study adopted a descriptive survey design.The target population consisted of 6069 (six thousand and sixty-nine) students in the 10 (ten) public Senior Secondary Schools in Egor Local Government Area of Edo State, Nigeria. A sample size of 380 (three hundred and eighty) secondary school class 2 students, were randomly selected from five randomly selected secondary schools in the study area. Two instruments, the Schutte self-report Emotional intelligence test (Schutte et al., 1998) and the Test Anxiety Questionnaire (Nist & Diehl, 1990) were adapted to collect data for the study. Mean, Standard Deviation, Pearson Product Moment Correlation and t-test were adopted to analyse the data. Findings indicated a moderate level of test anxiety among the students, though not found to be dependent on the sex of students. A non-significant negative correlation was also found to exist between emotional intelligence and test anxiety. Based on the findings, it was recommended that the government should continue to deploy professional counsellors to schools to assist in improving the usual fear syndrome associated with examinations among students. In addition, school counsellors as a routine service, should provide students with skills to improve emotional intelligence and strategies that would help to overcome test anxiety.Item The TRIPS agreement : ready or not, Maldives went for it(ރިސާރޗް ޑެވެލޮޕްމަންޓް އޮފީސް، ދިވެހިރާއްޖޭގެ ޤައުމީ ޔުނިވަރސިޓީ, 2022-12) ފަޒީލް ނަޖީބް; Najeeb, FazeelThis article provides an overview of how the TRIPS Agreement came into being, and uses this as a background context to the Maldives’ membership of the WTO, by which Maldives also became a contracting party to the Agreement. The objective of the article is to shed light on the readiness of Maldives for the obligations that the Agreement creates and to what extent the country has been able to meet those obligations thus far. The article is largely based on the review and analyses of literature, discussions, and the author’s own involvement in the process of the Maldives’ membership of the WTO. The article finds that Maldives is encountering daunting challenges in implementing the Agreement.Item Lived experience of subject matter experts in the instructional design process for blended learning at The Maldives National University : a phenomenological study(ރިސާރޗް ޑެވެލޮޕްމަންޓް އޮފީސް، ދިވެހިރާއްޖޭގެ ޤައުމީ ޔުނިވަރސިޓީ, 2022-12-01) Adam, Ibrahim; އިބްރާހީމް އާދަމްBlended learning requires the detailed combination of both in-person and online learning activities. To achieve the best result of improved learning outcomes, the conversion of a face-to-face course for blended learning delivery should follow a systematic process of instructional designing. The process involves collaboration between instructional designers (IDs), who are well-trained in adult pedagogical methods, and faculty Subject Matter Experts (SMEs), who provide expertise on the content to be delivered through the blended course. As a review measure on the instructional design process at the Maldives National University (MNU), this study explored the experiences of SMEs as they interact with instructional designers to design and develop blended learning courses. Ten SMEs who collaborated with instructional designers in the instructional design process for different subjects for the past four years were interviewed to share their experience. The thematic analysis of the results depicted that the instructional designing process improved their pedagogical approach and delivery with increased student satisfaction and made the teaching and learning process easier and effective. Along with it many agreed that the academic workload is a major challenge. The study implies instructional design process as a requirement for the best result of improved learning outcomes in blended learning. The process allows the implementation of blended course structures and pedagogical choices for interaction, material distribution, learning facilitation, direct instruction and constructed organisation and design throughout the course with dedicated student participation and critical reflections for both in-person and online learning. Hence, the process should be continued and solutions should be sought to overcome the challenges for the successful implementation.Item ކޮންސްޓިޗުއެންޓް ސްޓްރަކުޗަރ އިން އީކުއޭޓަނަލް ކްލޯސަސް : އަ ކޯރޕަސް އެނަލައިސިސް އޮފް ދަ ދިވެހި ލޭންގުއޭޖް(Research Development Office, The Maldives National University, 2022-12-01) އަޒީޒާ އަފީފް; Afeef, Azeezaޚުލާޞާ: އިންޑޯއާރިއަން ޢާއިލާއިން ކަފިވެގެން އޭޝިޔާ ބައްރަށް ފެތުރިފައިވާ ބައެއް ބަސްބަހުގައި ހިމެނޭ އެއް ސިފައަކީ، ކަން ނުހިމެނޭ ނަމުގެ ޖުމުލަ ހުރުމެވެ. މިފަދަ ނަމުގެ ޖުމުލައިގެ ތެރޭގައި ދެބައިހަމަ ޖުމުލަ )އީކުއޭޝަނަލް ސެންޓެންސް( އާއި ނަންއިތުރުގެ ޖުމުލަ )އެޖެކްޓިވަލް ސެންޓެންސް( ވެސް ހުރެއެވެ. ދިވެހިބަހުގައި ވެސް ނަމުގެ ޖުމުލަ ހިމެނޭކަން ދޭސީ އަދި ބިދޭސީ ބަހަވީންނާއި އެކަށައަޅާ ގަވާއިދު ލިޔުއްވާފައިވާ ބޭފުޅުންގެ ލިޔުއްވުންތަކުން ފާހަގަކުރެވެއެވެ. މީގެއިތުރުން، ދިވެހިބަހުގައި ދެބައިހަމަ ޖުމުލަ ހިމެނޭކަން ބިދޭސީ ބައެއް ބަހަވީން ފާހަގަކުރައްވައެވެ. ނަމަވެސް، ދިވެހިބަހުގައި ހިމެނޭ ދެބައިހަމަ ޖުމުލައާއި ދެބައިހަމަ ބަސްކޯޅީގެ ތަފުސީލީ ތަހުލީލެއް ކުރައްވާފައިވާތީއެއް ނުފެނެއެވެ. އެހެންކަމުން މި ދިރާސާގައި ބަލައިލާނީ ސާދާ ޖުމުލައިގައި ދެބައިހަމަ ބަސްކޯޅި އެތުރި ތަރުތީބުވާ ގޮތެވެ. ވީމާ، މި ދިރާސާގައި ތަހުލީލުކުރެވުނީ، އެއް ބަސްކޯޅި ހިމެނޭ ދެބައިހަމަ ޖުމުލައެއްގައި ބަހާތައް އެތުރޭ ގޮތާއި ތަފާތު ބަހާތަކުގެ ކުރިއަށާއި ފަހަތަށް އިތުރުކުރެވޭ އިތުރު ބަހާތަކަކީ ކޮބައިކަމެވެ. މި ދިރާސާ ކަރުދާސް އެކުލަވައިލީ، ޑާޓާގެ ގޮތުގައި ބޭނުންކުރި ދެ ބަސްމާފާނަކުން ސާންޕަލް )ސުންކު( ނަގައިގެންނެވެ. މައިގަނޑު ގޮތެއްގައި ބޭނުންކުރީ ބަސްމާފާނު 1އެވެ. ބަސްމާފާނު 1ގެ ޖުމުލަތައް ތަހުލީލުކުރީ، އެކްސެލްޝީޓެއްގައި ޖުމުލަތައް ރުކުރުވައިލުމަށް ފަހު، ކޮންމެ ޖުމުލައެއްގައި ހިމެނޭ ވަކިވަކި ބަސްކޯޅިތައް ވަކިވަކިން ފާހަގަކޮށް ކޯޑުތަކެއް ދީގެން އޮޓެމެޓިކުން ގުނޭނެ ފަދަ ފޮމިއުލާއެއް )މާދަލާއެއް( ބޭނުންކޮށްގެންވެ. ބަސްމާފާނު 2 ބޭނުންކުރީ، ބަސްމާފާނު 1ގެ ހޯދުންތަކާ ގުޅިގެން އިތުރަށް ބޭނުވި ސުންކުތައް ”ސަރޗް ޓޫލް“ ބޭނުންކޮށްގެން ހޯދުމަށް ޓަކައެވެ. މި ދެ ބަސްމާފާނު ބޭނުންކޮށްގެން ސުންކުގެ ގޮތުގައި ކަނޑައެޅި ޖުމުލަތައް، ”ކޮލިޓޭޓިވް“ )ސިފަވީ( އުސޫލުތައް ބޭނުންކޮށްގެން ސިފަކޮށްދީފައިވާނެއެވެ. މި ސިފަކުރުންތަކުން ނުކުތް ނަތީޖާތަކަށް ބަލާއިރު ދެބައިހަމަ ސާދާ ޖުމުލައެއްގައި އިސްބައިގައި އަދި ޚަބަރުގައި ވެސް އިސް ދައުރެއް އަދާކުރަނީ ނަމުގެ މައިގަނޑެވެ. މި ދެ ނަމުގެ މައިގަނޑު ގުޅުވައިދޭ ފާހަގަތަކަކީ ”އަކީ“ އަދި ”އީ“ އެވެ. ނަމުގެ މައިގަނޑުތަކުގައި އިތުރު ބާހަތައް ވެސް އެކުލެވެއެވެ. މި ގޮތުން، ނަމުގެ މައިގަނޑެއްގައި އެއް ނަމަށް ވުރެ ގިނަ ނަން ހިމެނިދާނެކަމާއި ނަމުގެ މައިގަނޑުގެ ކުރިއަށް ނަންއިތުރުގެ މައިގަނޑުތައް އިތުރުކުރެވޭކަން ވެސް ހާމަވިއެވެ. މި ނަންއިތުރުގެ މައިގަނޑުތަކުން ނަންއިތުރު، ނަންއިތުރުގެ ޢިބާރާތް އަދި ޕޯސްޓް ޕޮޒިޝަނަލް ފްރޭޒް )ފަހުވިއްދި ލަފުޒުގެ މައިގަނޑު( ފާހަގަވެއެވެ. މީގެ އިތުރުން ވެސް ތަފާތު ދައުރުތައް އަދާކުރާ މައިގަނޑުތައް ދެބައިހަމަ ބަސްކޯޅީގެ ކުރިއަށާއި މެދުތެރެއަށާއި ފަހަތަށް ވެސް އިތުރުކުރެވޭކަން ފާހަގަކުރެވުނެވެ. ވީމާ، މި ހޯދުނު އައު ހޯދުންތަކާ އެކު، މި ދިރާސާއިން ދިވެހިބަހަށާއި ބަހަވީ ޢިލްމަށް އިތުރު ކުރިއެރުމެއް ލިބުނީއެވެ. މުހިންމު ލަފުޒުތައް: ބަސްކޯޅި، ސާދާ ޖުމުލަ، ދެބައިހަމަ ބަސްކޯޅި، ނަމުގެ މައިގަނޑު، ނަންއިތުރުގެ މައިގަނޑު One feature of some South Asian languages of the Indo-Aryan language subfamily is the existence of simple sentences that do not include a verb in their predicate. Such sentences may be categorised into two groups: equational versus adjectival clauses or sentences. Literature from local and overseas researchers indicates the presence of non verbal sentences in the Dhivehi language; and overseas researchers have indicated the presence of equational clauses in the Dhivehi language. However, there does not appear to be in-depth analysis of the structure of such equational clauses, and therefore the purpose of this paper is to address this research gap. Accordingly, simple sentences consisting of one independent clause were analysed to determine their constituent structure, syntactic formation, and function. The data reported in this paper is based on sample sentences taken from two corpora that were developed to analyse the Dhivehi language. All 2585 sentences in the primary corpus were analysed for their clause structure while the second corpus of 10675 sentences were relied upon, where required, for further clarification for sentence structures found through the first corpus. The constituent structure was identified by separating out the clauses, phrases, and words in each sentence and then extracting the clause types and summing them using advanced features of Microsoft Excel. The data was analysed using a qualitative descriptive approach and the results are presented to show the constituents of the clauses, determine the role of these constituents, and then outline the clause structure. These findings show that both the referring expression and the predicate of the equative clause consist mainly of noun-phrases and both these noun-phrases are conjoined with the particle “akee” or “ee”. The findings also show that the noun-phrase may contain additional constituents. Accordingly, one noun-phrase may contain more than one noun and there can be adjectival phrases before a noun-phrase. Additionally, these adjective phrases or adjectival phrases may contain adjectives and postpositional phrases. Furthermore, additional phrases were identified that can be added before, after, or within an equational clause. These novel findings on the syntax of the Dhivehi language .have implications for teaching as well as further research of Dhivehi language Keywords: Cause, simple sentences, equational clause, noun phrase, adjectival phraseItem The antibacterial properties of stingless bee honey in Malaysia and its effects as food preservative(Research Development Office, The Maldives National University, 2022-12-01) Julika, W. N.; Ajit, A.; Naila, A.; Nabilah, N. F.; Aliyah, N. A.; Sulaiman, A. Z.; ޑަބްލިޔޫ. އެން. ޖުލިކަ; އެޭ. އަޖިތް; އޭ. ނައިލާ; އެން. އެފް. ނަބީލާ; އެން. އެފް. އަލްޔާ; އޭ. ޒެޑް. ސުލައިމާންItem Assessment of trans-fats in the Maldivian diet(Research Development Office, The Maldives National University, 2022-12-01) Abdul Raheem, Raheemaa; Naila, Aishath; Ismail, Aishath Shaheen; Kasturi, Kamal; ރަހީމާ އަބްދުއްރަހީމް; އައިޝަތު ނައިލާ; އައިޝަތު ޝާހީން އިސްމާއީލް; ކަމާލް ކަސްޓަރިItem Psychological experiences of nurses during COVID-19 pandemic in the Maldives(Maldives National University, 2022-07) Hassan, SalmaThe Maldivian nurses had to face and deal with unique challenges during the coronavirus outbreak. As a result, they often faced extreme psychological pressure as a result of working constantly with a high risk of infection from patients and working in temporary setups with limited resources and manpower who were not well equipped to deal with a pandemic for the first time. This study aimed to explore the psychological experiences of nurses during the COVID-19 pandemic in the Maldives. A descriptive qualitative research design was used for this study. Five female nurses working in the COVID-19 related in-patient facilities participated in semi-structured, virtual (telephone or online) interviews. The data were analyzed using thematic analysis. Three themes emerged from the data analysis: Overwhelming experience, nurses being treated differently, and valuing family support. The participants described the experience of being emotionally overwhelmed. Many experienced feelings of uncertainty and grief, mainly when they had to handle the death of COVID-19 patients under their care. Most significantly when they had to handle the dead bodies in a body bag as it was very painful for the families not being able to perform their last respect and rituals as per cultural practices. The second main theme was nurses’ grievance owing to the differential treatment they were subjected to by the public. When nurses had to go back to their resident islands, the island community was scared of contracting the disease from the nurses and as a result the public rejected interacting with the nurses. This further isolated the nurses subjecting them to loneliness. Finally, family is the most important and valuable support to overcome their psychological burden. Family members including husbands and mothers were very supportive of taking care of the nurses’ children while they worked long hours. The Maldivian nurses in COVID-19 facilities faced psychological adversities during the COVID-19 pandemic. The findings from this study can help in identifying issues and experiences of nurses, in order to implement appropriate interventions to monitor and support nurses during contagious disease outbreaks.Item Leadership in state-owned enterprises of the Maldives(ރިސާރޗް ޑެވެލޮޕްމަންޓް އޮފީސް، ދިވެހިރާއްޖޭގެ ޤައުމީ ޔުނިވަރސިޓީ, 2022-07) ޢަބްދުﷲ ސިނާޢު; Sinau, AbdullaLeadership is often attributed to the successes and failures of different types of organisations existing in various contexts. The aim of this quantitative correlation study is to analyse the prevalent leadership styles in state-owned enterprises (SOE) of the Maldives and its relationship with financial performance. Additionally, it looked at the possible contextual factors which could influence leadership styles of the SOEs. The study includes 10 SOEs from the Maldives and analyses their leadership style using the data collected from the managers of the SOEs through a Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ). The contextual influence was analysed using Likert scale questions structured based on the Maldivian context and the existing literature. Financial performance was analysed by comparing return on capital employed (ROCE) of the SOEs, which was collected through the annual reports published by the enterprises. The findings of the study showed that transformational leadership style was common in the SOEs of the Maldives. It also highlighted a significant negative correlation with the contextual factors and transformational leadership style. Contrary to most existing literature, the study did not find any significant correlations between leadership style and financial performance. The findings of the study could help the government in appointing leaders and in setting up regulations for the SOEs. The results of the study also suggest the need for further research to more confidently comment on the importance of leadership style in the SOE domain.Item Effects of home factors and students classroom participation on the academic performance of senior secondary schools students in Lagos Nigeria(Maldives National University, 2022-07) Oni, Adsoji.A; Soji-oni, TitilayoHome factors entails the objects, materials, parents, siblings, peers and social life that exists in the home in which the students find himself/herself. All the variables in the home that affect a child’s existence, behaviour and performance constitute the home environmental factors, while student achievement refers to the extent to which a learner has attained their short or long-term educational goals. Individual differences in academic performance are strongly correlated with differences in personality and intelligence. The study examined the effects of home factors and students’ classroom participation on the academic performance of senior secondary schools in Lagos, Nigeria. Consequently, four research questions and three hypotheses were formulated to guide the study, the study was limited to Education District I, of Lagos, Nigeria. The study adopted the descriptive survey research design, using a self-constructed questionnaire to collect data from secondary school teachers and students. The validity of the instrument was done by experts in sociology of education and measurement and evaluation, while the researchers administered the instrument to 30 students not involved in the main sample for pilot testing. The reliability correlation coefficient index obtained was 0.78. The data collected were analysed using simple percentage, t-test, Chi-square and Pearson Product Moment Correlation Coefficient method of statistical analysis. These statistics were used to demonstrate whether the variables are correlated or related. The findings of the study revealed that students’ home factors affect their academic performance; teachers and the students have different perceptions of the relevance of home factors; and that a significant relationship exists between home factors and students’ classroom participation. The study therefore concluded and recommended that education should be mounted for parents in our formal and non-formal education programmes in order to educate parents on their roles as parents in the education of their wards.