MNU Dissertations - އެމް. އެން. ޔޫގެ ދަސްވެނީންގެ ޑިޒަރޓޭޝަންތައް
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Item 1900 މ. އިންފެށިގެން ދިވެހި ބަހުގައި ބޭނުންކުރަމުން އަންނަ ލަފުޒުތަކުގެ ތެރެއިން މާނައަށް ބޮޑެތި ބަދަލުތައް އައިސްފައިވާ ލަފުޒުތައް އެބަހުރިހެއްޔެވެ؟ ހުރިނަމަ އެފަދަ ލަފުޒުތަކުގެ މާނައަށް އައިސްފައިވަނީ ކޮނަކަހަލަ ބަދަލުތަކެއް ހެއްޔެވެ؟(Faculty of Arts, Maldives College of Higher Education, 2011-11-01) Zahiyya, Fathimath; ފާތިމަތު ޒަހިއްޔާމިދިރާސާއަކި 1900މ.އިން ފެށިގެން ދިވެހި ބަހުގައި ބޭނުންކުރެވެމުން އަންނަ ލަފުޒުތަކުގެ ތެރެއިން މާނައަށް ބޮޑެތި ބަދަލުތައް އައިސްފައިވާ ލަފުޒުތައް ހުރިތޯ ބަލައި، އެކަން ދެނެގަތުމަށާއި ހުރިނަމަ އެފަދަ ލަފުޒުތަކުގެ މާނައަށް އައިސްފައިވަނީ ކޮންކަހަލަ ބަދަލުތަކެއްކަން ދެނެގަތުމުގެ ގޮތުން ކޮށްފައިވާ ދިރާސާއެކެވެ. މިގޮތުން މިދިރާސާ ކުރިއަށްގެންދިއައީ ކޮލިޓޭޓިވް ޕެރަޑައިމްގެ މައްޗަށް ބިނާކޮށް އިންޑަކްޓިވް އެޕްރޯޗްއަށެވެ. އަދި ހަމައެހެންމެ، މިދިރާސާއަކީ ޑޮކިއިމެންޓޭޝަން އިންޓަރވިއުގެ އެހީގައި މަޢްލޫމާތު އެއްކޮށްގެން، ތައްޔާރުކޮށްފައިވާ ދިރާސާއެއްވެސް މެއެވެ. ދިރާސާއިން ހޯދި ހޯދުންތަކުގެ މައްޗަށް ބަލާއިރު، 1900މ. އިން ފެށިގެން ދިވެހި ބަހުގައި ބޭނުންކުރެވެމުން އަންނަ ލަފުޒުތަކުގެ ތެރެއިން މާނައަށް ބޮޑެތި ބަދަލުތަކެއް އައިސްފައިވާ 15 ލަފުޒު ފާހގަކުރެވިފައިވެއެވެ. އޭގެތެރޭގައި ހިމެނެނީ މާނަ ފުޅާވެފައިވާ 6 ލަފުޒާއި މާނަ ހަނިވެފައިވާ 3 ލަފުޒެވެ. އަދި އަގު ދަށްވެފައިވާ 4 ލަފުޒާއި އަގު މަތިވެފައިވާ 2 ލަފުޒު ފާހަގަ ކުރެވިފައިވެއެވެ. ހޯދުންތަކުން ފާހަގަކުރެވުނު ލަފުޒުތަކަކީ 'ލިންގްއިސްޓިކް މަރުހަލާ' އާއި 'އެކްސްޓްރާ ލިންގްއިސްޓިކް މަރުހަލާ' ގެ ތެރެއިން، ޑައިކްރޯނިކް (ޒަމާންތަކެއްގެ ތެރެއިން އަދި ސިންކްރޯނިކް (އެދުވަސްވަރެއްގެ އާއްމު ވާހަކަދެއްމުގެ ތެރެއިން ) މާނައަށް ބަދަލުއައިސްފައިވާ ލަފުޒުތަކެއްކަން ފާހަގަ ކުރެވިފައިވެއެވެ. އެހެންކަމުން، ޖުމުލަކޮށް ބަލާއިރު މި ދިރާސާގައި ފާހަގަކޮށަފއިވާ 15 ލަފުޒަކީ ވެސް، ލިންގްއިސްޓިކް ޢިލްމުގައި މާނަ ބަދަލުވުމުގެ މަރުހަލާތަކުގެ ދަށުން، މާނައަށް ބަދަލުއައިސްފައިވާ ލަފުޒުތަކެއްކަން ހޯދުންތަކުން ފާހަގަކުރެވުނެއެވެ.Item "1932 ގައި އުފެދުނު ޤާނޫނު އަސާސީއާއި 2008 ގައި އުފެދުނު ޤާނޫނު އަސާސީގެ ތެރެއިން އިންސާނީ ޙައްޤުތައް އެންމެ ބޮޑަށް ގެނެސްދީފައިވަނީ ކޮންޤާނޫނު އަސާސީއަކުން؟"(ފެކަލްޓީ އޮފް އާޓްސް، ދިވެހިރާއްޖޭގެ ޤައުމީ ޔުނިވަރސިޓީ, 2016-06-01) މުޙައްމަދު އަޝްފާހު; Ashfah, Mohamedމި ދިރާސާއަކީ 1932 ވަނަ އަހަރު އުފެދިފައިވާ ޤާނޫނު އަސާސީއާއި 2008 ވަނަ އަހަރު އުފެދިފައިވާ ޤާނޫނު އަސާސީގެ ތެރެއިން އިންސާނުންގެ ޙައްޤުތައް އެންމެބޮޑަށް ގެނެސްދީފައިވަނީ ކޮންޤާނޫނު އަސާސީއަކުންތޯ ބެލުމަށް ކުރެވިފައިވާ ދިރާސާއެކެވެ. މިދިރާސާގެ ބޭނުމަކީ ސިޔާސީ ގޮތުންނާއި، ޢިލްމީގޮތުންނާއި، ތަފާތު ވިސްނުމުގެ ގޮތުން ވިސްނާފަރާތްތަކަށް މި ދެޤާނޫނު އަސާސީގައި ބަޔާންކޮށްފައިވާ އިންސާނީ ޙައްޤުތަކަކީ ދިވެހި ރައްޔިތުންނަށް ފައިދާހުރި އަދި އެހާމެ ބޭނުންތެރި ޙައްޤުތަކެއްކަން އަންގައިދިނުމެވެ. ލިބިފައިވާ ވަގުތުގެ ކުޑަކަމުންނާއި، ދިރާސާގެ ކުރުކަމުން ރާއްޖޭގައި އުފެދިފައިވާ ހުރިހާ ޤާނޫނު އަސާސީއަކަށް މި ދިރާސާގައި ބަލައިލާފައެއް ނުވާނެއެވެ. އެހެންކަމުން މި ދިރާސާގެ ސުވާލު މިވަނީ ހަމައެކަނި 1932 ވަނަ އަހަރާއި 2008 ވަނަ އަހަރުގެ ޤާނޫނު އަސާސީއަށް އަމާޒުކުރެވިފައެވެ. އެގޮތުން މިދެޤާނޫނު އަސާސީގައިވާ އިންސާނީ ޙައްޤުތަކަށް މިދިރާސާގައި ބަލާލާފައިވާނެއެވެ. މި ދިރާސާކުރުމުގައި އިންސާނީ ޙައްޤުތައް މިންކޮށްފައިވާނީ ދުނިޔޭގެ ހުރިހާ ޤާނޫނު އަސާސީއެއްވެސް އެކުލަވާލުމުގައި ޢަމަލުކޮށްފައިވާ ޔުނިވާރސަލް ޑިކްލަރޭޝަން އޮފް ހިޔުމަން ރައިޓްސްގައިވާ ޤާނޫނުތަކުންނެވެ. އަދި މީގެ އިތުރުން ދުނިޔޭގެ އިންސާނީ ޙައްޤުތަކާބެހޭ ޖަމްޢިއްޔާ ތަކުގައި ބަޔާންކޮށްފައިވާ ޙައްޤުތަކަށްވެސް ޝާމިލްކޮށްފައިވާނެއެވެ. މިދިރާސާއަކީ ހަމައެކަނި މިދެޤާނޫނު އަސާސީގައިވާ އިންސާނީ ޙައްޤުތަކަށް ބަލާ ދިރާސާއަކަށްވާތީވެ، މިޙައްޤުތައް ޔުނިވާރސަލް ޑިކްލަރޭޝަންއިން ކިރާލުމަށްފަހު ނަތީޖާ ދެނެގަނެވެއެވެ. އެހެންކަމުން މި ރިސަރޗްގައި ބޭނުންކޮށްފައިވާނީ ކުއަލިޓޭޓިވް މެތަޑެކެވެ. ދިރާސާއިން ހާމަވި ގޮތުގައި ދެޤާނޫނު އަސާސީގައިވެސް ފުރިހަމައަށް އިންސާނީ ޙައްޤުތައް ގެނެސްދީފައިވެއެވެ. އެއިރަކަށް އަދި އެޒަމާނަކަށް ފައްތައިގެން ގެނެސްފައިވާ ޙައްޤުތަކަކީ ރައްޔިތުންނަށް ބޭނުންތެރި ޙައްޤުތަކެކެވެ. އެގޮތުން 1932 ގެ ޤާނޫނު އަސާސީއިން 19 ޙައްޤެއް ގެނެސްދީފައި ވާއިރު 2008 ގެ ޤާނޫނު އަސާސީއިން 53 ޙައްޤު ގެނެސްދީފައިވެއެވެ. 1932 ގެ ޤާނޫނު އަސާސީގައި ޙައްޤުތައް މަދުކަމުގައި ވީނަމަވެސް 2008 ގެ ޤާނޫނުން ލިބިދީފައިވާ ގިނަ ޙައްޤުތައް 1932 ގެ ޤާނޫނު އަސާސީގެ އެއްމެ މާއްދާއަކުންވެސް ލިބިދީފައިވެއެވެ. އަދި 2008 ގެ ޤާނޫނުން ނުލިބޭ ޙައްޤުތައް 1932 ގެ ޤާނޫން ލިބިދީފައިވެސްވެއެވެ. އެހެންކަމުން ދިރާސާގެ ހޯދުންތަކުން ދައްކަނީ 1932 ގެ ޤާނޫނު އަސާސީގައިވާ ޙައްޤުތައް މަދުކަމުގައި ވީނަމަވެސް އެޙައްޤުތަކަކީ ބޭނުންތެރި އެންމެ ޙައްޤަކުންވެސް އެތައް ޙައްޤުތަކެއް ލިބިގެންދާ މާއްދާތައް ހުރި ޤާނޫނު އަސާސީއެއް ކަމުގައެވެ. އަދި 2008 ގެ ޤާނޫނު އަސާސީއަކީ ވަރަށް ތަފްސީލުކޮށް ވަކިވަކި މާއްދާތަކެއްގެ ގޮތުގައި ގިނަ މާއްދާތަކެއް ގެނެސްދީފައިވާ ޤާނޫނު އަސާސީއެއްކަމުގައެވެ.Item 1950 ގެ އަހަރުގެ ތެރޭގައި ދެކުނުގެ ތިން އަތޮޅުގައި އުފެއްދި ބަޣާވާތް: ގދ. ހިވަރު ތިނަދޫ މީހުންގެ ދައުރު(ފެކަލްޓީ އޮފް އާޓްސް، މޯލްޑިވްސް ކޮލެޖް އޮފް ހަޔަރ އެޑިޔުކޭޝަން, 2009-11-01) އާމިނަތު ޝަފީޤާ; Shafeega, Aminathމިދިރާސާއަކީ ދިވެހިރާއްޖޭގައި ހިނގައިދިޔަ ހަމަނުޖެހުމެއްކިމަށްވާ ދެކުނުގެ ތިންއަތޮޅު އެކުވެގެން އުފެއްދި ބަޣާވާތުގައި ގ. ހަވަރު ތިނަދޫ މީހުންގެ ދައުރަކީ ކޮބައިތޯ ބެލުމަށްކުރި ދިރާސާއެކެވެ. މިކަން ދެނެގަތުމައްޓަކައި މިކަމާބެހޭގޮތުން ލިޔެފައިހުރި ލިޔުންތަކުން މަޢުލޫމާތު ނެގުމުގެ އިތުރުން ބަޣާވާތާއި ގުޅުން ހުރި ގިނަ ފަރާއްތަކުން ހޮދި މަޢުލޫމާތުގެ އިތުރުން ޝާއިޢު ނުކުރާ ލިޔުމަކުން ނެގިފައިވާ މަޢުލޫމާތުގެ ބޭނުން ކޮށްފައިވާނެއެވެ. އެހެންކަމުން ނިންމުންތައް ނިންމާފައިވާނީ މިދެންނއވުނު މަޢުލޫމާތުގެ އިތުރުކުރެވުނު ސާވޭއާއި 15 ފަރާތެއްގެ ބަސްދީގަތުން ހިމަނައިގެންނެވެ. 13 މާރޗް 1959 ގައި އުފެއްދި ސުވައިދީބު ސަރުކާރު އުފައްދަން އައްޑޫ މީހުން އިސްކޮންތިބެގެން ދިން ދަޢުވަތު ފުވައްމުލަކު މީހުންނެކޭ އެއްގޮތަށް ހުވަދު އަތޮޅު މީހުންވެސް ޤަބޫލު ކޮއްފައިވެއެވެ. ހައަރު ތިނަދޫ މީހުން މިބަޣާވާތުގައި ބައިވެރިވި ހިސާބުން ފެށިގެން ހިނގި ދެބަޣާވާތުގައި ހަވަރު ތިނަދޫ މީހުން އިސްކޮން އުޅެފައިވެއެވެ. އަދި މިފަދަ ބަޣާވާތެއް ހިންގަންޖެހުނުކަމަށް ފެނިގެން ދިޔައީ ރައްޔިތުން ހިތްހަމަ ނުޖެހޭ އެތައްކަންތައްތަކެއް އޭގެ ތެރޭގައިއެކުލެވިގެންނެވެ. ހަމައެހެންމެ ފުރަތަމަ ބަޣާވާތަށްފަހު ހަވަރުތިނަދޫގައި ބައިތިއްބާފައިތިބި ސިފައިންގެ ޢަމަލު ތަކުގެ ސަބަބުން ދެވެނަބަޣާވާތަކަށް މަގު ފަހިވިއެވެ. ހުވަދޫ ބަޣާވާތް ނިމުމަކަށް ގެނެވުމައްޓަކައި އޭރުގެ ބޮޑުވަޒީރު އިބްރާހިމް ނާޞިރު ހަވަރު ތިނަދޫ ފަޅު ރަށެއް ކަމުގައި އިޢުލާން ކުރައްވާ، ތިނަދޫއިން މީހުން ބޭލިއެވެ. މިހުރިހާ ކަމެއް ހިނގައި ދިޔުމުގައި އެތައްބަޔަކު ޙިއްސާވެ، އެތައް ކަންތައްތަކެއް ހިނގާފައި ވެއެވ. މިދިރާސާގައި މިކަންތައްތައް ހިނގައިދިޔަގޮތް ބަލައި ހޯދާ، ލިބުނު ހެކިތަކާއެކު ނިންމުންތައް ނިންމާފައިވާނެއެވެ.Item "1978 ވަނަ އަހަރުން ފެށިގެން 2008 ވަނަ އަހަރުގެ ނިޔަލަށް، ވޭތުވެދިޔަ 30 އަހަރުގެ ތެރޭގައި ށ. މާކަނޑޫދޫ ރައްޔިތުންނަށް ތަޢުލީމީގޮތުން އައިސްފައިވާ ބަދަލުތަކަކީ ކޮބައި ހެއްޔެވެ؟"(ފެކަލްޓީ އޮފް އާޓްސް، ދިވެހިރާއްޖޭގެ ޤައުމީ ޔުނިވަރސިޓީ, 2011-11-01) Mohamed, Muslim; މުސްލިމް މުޙައްމަދު1978ވަނަ އަހަރު ފެށުނުއިރު، މާކަނޑޫދޫގެ ތަޢުލީމީ ޙާލަތު އޮތީ، ވަރަށް ދަށުގައެވެ. އޭރު ކިޔަވައިދެނީ ގްރޭޑް 5ގެ ފެންވަރަށެވެ. ކިޔަވައިދިނުމުގައި ބޭނުންކުރަނީ، މަދު ވަސީލަތްތަކެކެވެ. އޭގެ ތެރޭގައި ހިމެނެނީ އާދައިގެ ފޮތާއި ފަންސުރާއި ބޯޑާއި ވޮށުފިލާ ފަދަ ތަކެއްޗެވެ. ސްކޫލުގައި ކިޔަވަން ތިބެންޖެހެނީ، ކުނާ މަތީގައެވެ. އެހެންނަމަވެސް، ވޭތުވެދިޔަ 30 އަހަރުގެ ތެރޭގައި މާކަނޑޫދޫ ރައްޔިތުންގެ ތަޢުލީމަށް ވަނީ ވަރަށް ބޮޑެތި ބަދަލުތަކެއް އައިސްފައެވެ. ވޭތުވެދިޔަ 30 އަހަރު ފެށުނުއިރު، މާކަނޑޫދޫގައި ތިބީ ސަނަދެއް އޮތް އެންމެ ދެ މީހުންނެވެ. އެހެންނަމަވެސް، މި ވޭތުވެދިޔަ މުއްދަތުގެ ތެރޭގައި އެކި ފެންވަރުގެ ސަނަދުތަކާއި ސެޓްފިކެޓްތައް ހޯދާފައިވާ ފަންސާހަކަށް މީހުން އެބަތިއްބެވެ. އަދި ރަށުގައި ތިބެގެން ޖީ.ސީ.އީ. އޯލެވެލް ހަދާފައިވާ 400 އަށްވުރެ ގިނަ ކުދިން އެބަތިއްބެވެ. ޓީޗަރުންގެ ގޮތުގައި ތިރީހަށްވުރެ ގިނަ މީހުންވަނީ އެކަމުގެ ތަމްރީނު ހަދާފައެވެ. އަދި މީގެ އިތުރުން ޞިއްޙީ ދާއިރާއިން، 12ވަރަކަށް މީހުންވަނީ މިކަމުގެ ތަޢުލީމާއި ތަމްރީނު ޙާޞިލުކޮށްފައެވެ.Item 25 އަހަރުގެ ކުރިއެރުމާއި ދިމާވި ގޮންޖެހުންތަކާއި އޭގެ ސަބަބުތައް (2010-1985) : ތ. އަތޮޅުމަދަރުސާ(ފެކަލްޓީ އޮފް އާޓްސް، މޯލްޑިވްސް ކޮލެޖް އޮފް ހަޔަރ އެޑިއުކޭޝަން, 2011-11-01) Shareef, Mohamed; މުޙައްމަދު ޝަރީފްމިއީ ވޭތުވެދިޔަ 25 އަހަރުގެ ތެރޭގައި، ކޮޅުމަޑުލު އަތޮޅު މަދަރުސާއަށް، ލިބިފައިވާ ކުރިއެރުމާއި، ކުރިއެރުން ލިބިފައިވާ ގޮތްތަކާއި، ދިމާވި ގޮންޖެހުންތަކާއި އޭގެ ސަބަބުތައް ދެނެގަތުމަށް ކުރި ދިރާސާއެކެވެ. މި ދިރާސާގައި ތަފާތު ތިންދާއިރާއަކުން ލިބިފައިވާ ކުރިއެރުންތަކާއި ގޮންޖެހުންތަކާއި އޭގެ ސަބަބުތަކަށް ބަލާލެވިފައި ވާނެއެވެ. އތިން ދާއިރާއަކީ އުނގެނުމާއި އުނގަންނައި ދިނުމާއި މެނޭޖުމެންޓާއި ޢުމުރާނިއްޔަތެވެ. މި ދިރާސާއިން ދެއްކި ގޮތުގައި، އުނގެނުމާއި އުނގަންނައިދިނުން ކާމިޔާބުވުމުގެ ސިއްރަކީ، މަޤްޞަދެއް އޮތުމާއި، އެކަށީގެންވާ ވަޞީލަތްތައް ލިބުމާއި، ކަމަށް ޤާބިލް މުދައްރިސުން ލިބުމެވެ. މެނޭޖުމެންޓުގެ ތަރައްޤީގެ ސިއްރަކީ މެނޭޖުމެންޓުގެ އެއް ތިއަރީ ކަމަށްވާ، ނާޒިރުގެ ލީޑަރޝިޕެވެ. މިގޮތުން މީހުން ބިނާކުރުމަށް ދެއްވި އަހައްމިއްޔަތާއި، އިދާރީ ގޮތުން ގެންނެވި ހެޔޮ ބަދަލުތަކެވެ. އަދި ޓީމް ވާރކުގެ ގޮތުގައި މަދަރުސާގެ އެންމެހާ މުވައްޒަފުން މެނޭޖުމެންޓާއި ގުޅިގެން އެކުވެރިކަމާއި އެއްބައިވަންތަކަމުގައި، މަސައްކަތްކުރިކަމީ، އަރުތަ ލިބިގެންދިއުމުގެ އެންމެ ބޮޑު ސިއްރުކަން މި ދިރާސާއިން ދައްކައެވެ. ޢިމްރާނީ ތަރައްޤީއަށް ނަޒަރު ހިންގައިލާއިރު، ފަސް ކިލާސް ރޫމުގެ ޤިމާރާތަކުން ފެށުނު ތ.އަތޮޅު މަދަރުސާގައި އުނގަންނައި ދިނުމަށްޓަކައި، އިތުރު އެގާރަ ކިލާސް ރޫމާއި، ސްޕަވައިޒާރސް ރޫމާއި ސްޓާފް ރޫމެއްގެ އިތުރުން، ސައިންސް ލެބަކާއި ކޮމްޕިއުޓަރ ލެބަކާއި ލައިބްރަރީއެއް ބިނާކުރެވިފައި ވެއެވެ. މިއީ ޢިމްރާނީ ގޮތުން މަދަރުސާއަށް ލިބިގެންދިޔަ ރަނގަޅު ކުރިއެރުމެވެ. މިކަމުގެ ކާމިޔާބީގެ ފަހަތުގައި، މަދަރުސާގެ މުވައްޒަފުންނާއި ވަކިން ޚާއްޞަގޮތެއްގައި ބެލެނިވެރިންގެ މަތިވެރި ޤުރުބާނީ ފާހަގަކޮށްލަން ޖެހެއެވެ.Item 6-3 އަހަރާއި ދެމެދު ކުދިން ބެލުމަށް މެއިޑުން ގެންގުޅޭމީހުންގެ ދަރިންނާއި، މެއިޑުން ނުގެންގުޅޭ މީހުންގެ ދަރީންގެ، ބަސް ތަރައްޤީ ވެފައި ހުރި މިންވަރުގައި ތަފާތެއްވޭހެއްޔެވެ؟(ފެކަލްޓީ އޮފް އާޓްސް، ދިވެހިރާއްޖޭގެ ޤައުމީ ޔުނިވަރސިޓީ, 2016-06-01) ޝިއުނާ އިދްރީސް; Idrees, Shiunaމި ދިރާސާއަކީ މެއިޑުން ގެންގުޅޭ މީހުންގެކުދީންނާ މެއިޑުން ނުގެންގުޅޭ މީހުންގެ ކުދިންގެ ބަސްތަރައްޤީވެފައި ހުރި މިންވަރުގައި ތަފާތެއް ވޭތޯ ބެލުމަށް ކުރެވުނު ދިރާސާއެކެވެ. މި ދިރާސާއިން ލިބުނު މަޢުލޫމާތުގެ އަލީގައި ފާހަގަ ކުރެވުނު އެންމެ މުހިއްމު އެއްކަމަކީ މެއިޑުން ގެންގުޅޭ މީހުންގެ ކުދިން އެ އުމުރުގެ އެހެން ކުދިންނާ އަޅާބަލާއިރު ބަސްތަރައްޤީވާންޖެހޭ މިންވަރަށް ބަސް ތަރއްގީ ނުވާ ކަމެވެ. އެއީ ޖުމުލަތައް ބުނާއިރުވެސް 2 ލަފުޒު ނޫނީ ތިން ލަފުޒުގެ ޖުމުލަ ބޭނުންކޮށްގެން ޖުމުލަ ބުނަންނޭގޭކަން ހާމަވެގެންދިޔައެވެ. އަދި ވާހަކަ ދައްކާއިރު ބަހުގެ ގަވާއިދާ ޚިލާފުވާހަކަ ދައްކާކަން ފަހަގަ ކުރެވުނެވެ. މި ގޮތުން އެ ކުދީންނާއެކު އުޅޭ މެއިޑް މީހާ ދިވެހި ބަސް ބޭނުން ކުރާ ގޮތަށް ބޭނުން ކުރާކަންފާހަގަ ކުރެވުނެވެ. މިދިރާސާއިން ފާހަގަ ކުރެވުނު އަނެއްކަމަކީ ބެލެނިވެރިންނާ ކުދީން ގާތުގައި އުޅޭ މީހުން ބަސް ބޭނުން ކުރާގޮތުން ނުނީ އެހެން ބަހަކުން ވާހަކަ ދެއްކުމުގެ ސަބަބުންވެސް އެ ކުދިންގެ ބަސް ތަރައްޤީވުމަށް ހުރަސްއެޅިގެން ދާ ކަމެވެ.Item An analysis of the impact of fast food consumption on obesity in secoundary grade students of gaaf alif atoll education Centre(Faculty of health sciences, Maldives National University, 2013-05) މުޙައްމަދު މީޒާން; Meezan, MohamedItem Bulling prevalence and associated factors of bullying among public middle school 6 and 7th grade student in Male’ city(ފެކަލްޓީ އޮފް ހެލްތު ސައިންސު, 2015-07-01) އައިޝަތު ހަސަން; Hassan, AishathItem Bullying and victimization of adolescent students, in primary schools of Male’.(Faculty of Health Sciences, 2015-11-01) Azlifa, AminathThe purpose of this study was to find out extend of bullying and victimization in adolescent students, in primary schools of Male’, based on descriptive cross-sectional survey was done using quantitative data to identify the causes which increase the risk of being victims and their impacts. Total 120 students studying in grade 6 and 7, from different 5 schools in Male’ city, took part in this study, from which it has shown 60 percent students were being bullied. Boys are more involved in bullying activities, where 54 percent of the victims said they were being bullied by boys, which is 36 percent higher than the girls. Most of the students were bullied verbally, followed by physical bullying and indirect bullying. Moreover, most victims are not satisfied with their body image or they are less popular among the students, and no significant impact on academic performance and self-esteem of the students were found. Likewise, the extent of being bullied, affect social and emotional behaviors of students were studied and found that there is a high chance (Adjusted OR 1.353) to be lonely among the group who are bullied than those who are not bullied. Variable feeling sad and hurt at school has a high significant association with a P value of 0.001 with an (Adjusted OR 3.103). This indicates that those who have being bullied have 3.103 times higher chance of feeling sad than those who are not bullied. However, to reduce further risks, schools should strengthen their anti-bullying policies and educate students about bullying and victimizations and their risks.Item Challenges in implementing a successful school health program in Maldives.(Faculty of Health Sciences, 2015-11-01) Ahmed, Ali GudhurathullaIt is self-evident that school health program in Maldives has not been in line with School Health Policy 2011. Hence, this study was conducted to evaluate the challenges faced by the schools in implementing school health programs successfully as comprehended in School Health Policy. This research paper focuses mainly on 5 areas of challenges, human resource, perception of importance, staff, parent, community and government’s support, adequate infrastructure and budget and finance. 28 schools randomly selected from the first 11 atolls except Alifu Dhaalu atoll was accounted in the research. Several challenges in implementing school health programs among these schools were identified, including lack of human resources, inadequate support from parents, staffs and community in implementation, and lack of adequate infrastructure. In addition to addressing these issues, improving awareness of school management on School Health Policy, school health program and its importance would likely improve the success rate of the program.Item Challenges that are faced by schools in implementing health education program(Maldives National University, 2015-11) Saalima, AminathItem Determine the major sources of stress and the factors related to stress among college students who are studying in Maldives National University Male’(Maldives National University, 2015-10) Sama, FathimathItem Dharavandhoo : Baa atoll(Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Maldives National University, 1) މަރިޔަމް ލީވާން ޖަލީލް; އަޙުމަދު ރިޔާޒް ވަޙީދު; އާމިނަތު ފިރުޝާ; އާއިޝަތު ވިލްމާ; ޙަސަން ލަބީބް; އަޙްމަދު ނިހާޒް އަބޫބަކުރު; އިސްމާޢީލް ޔާނިމް; އަޙްމަދު މުސްތަޢުސިމް ޒުބެއިރު; އާއިޝަތު އަމްނު ޝަރީފް; އިސްމާޢީލް މާޢިޝް މުޙައްމަދު; އާމިނަތު ފަރަހު; އާއިޝަތު ރިޝްމާ; އަނާން އަލީ ރަޝީދު; ޠޯހާ އަބްދުލްރައްޒާޤު; ސުމައްޔާ އަބްދުލްސައްތާރު; މައުމަން ރަޝީދު; މާޒް ސައީދު; Jaleel, Mariyam Leevan; Waheed, Ahmed Riyaz; Firusha, Aminath; Vilma, Aishath; Labeeb, Hassan; Aboobakuru, Ahmed Nihaaz; Yanim, Ismail; Zubair, Ahmed Musthausim; Shareef, Aishath Amnu; Mohamed, Ismail Maaish; Farahu, Aminath; Rishma, Aishath; Rasheed, Anan Ali; AbdulRazzaq, Thoha; AbdulSattar, Sumayya; Rasheed, Mauman; Saeed, MaazItem Dhivehi automatic speech recognition system(Faculty of Engineering, Science & Technology, Maldives National University, 2018-11-18) Hassaan, Ibrahim; އިބްރާހީމް ހައްސާން; Ifham, Mohamed; ްމުހައްމަދު އިފްހާމ; Rasheed, Adam Raaif; އާދަމް ރާއިފް ރަޝީދު; Mohamed, Yameen; ޔާމީން މޮހައްމަދުThis report details the work done to create a speech recognition solution for Dhivehi language. The system was developed using CMUSphinx speech recognition toolkit, which requires the development of a text corpus to use as output, a phonetic dictionary (list of phonemes), a language model (probabilistic representation of word occurrences in language) and an acoustic model (mapping voice features to text). The latter two can be trained using provided audio and text data. The development of our ASR system was carried out in two phases. The first phase dealt only with numbers (covering real numbers from 0 (inclusive), up to but not including 1 trillion). The second phase dealt with the entire Dhivehi language (with exceptions: it does not support thikijehi thaana and can only pick up the common Malé dialect). The system developed during the first phase had an accuracy rate of 75% (which barely passed our set minimum acceptable rate), while the system developed during the second phase had an accuracy rate of 42.5% (which failed our set minimum acceptable rate).Item Effect of raising tobacco taxes on cigarette consumption of youth age between 18-25 years in Baa. Goidhoo(Maldives National University, 2016-06) މުޙައްމަދު އަޒްހާމް; Azham, MohamedItem The effect that maternal employment and maternal home-stay have on children's academic performance in selected schools of Male'(The Maldives National University, 2014-06) ޢަބްދުލް ޢަޒީޒް ޒަކަރިއްޔާ; Zakariyya, Abdul AzeezThe aim of this dissertation is to identify the effect that maternal employment and maternal home-stay have on children’s academic performance in selected schools of Male’. Social cognitive theory has been used to conduct the research which explains how mothers obtain and uphold certain behavioral patterns through behavioral, personal and environmental factors. This correlation study has used case-control approach to examine the student’s academic performance as there were two survey groups with varied outcomes that would be compared to one another. A sample size of 112 children has been taken to this study from 5th graders of the 4 selected schools in Male’. Structured questionnaire was used to collect data and the response rate of the survey was 98.21%. Findings of the study show that there is significant relationship between maternal working status and children’s academic performance with p-value significant at 0.01. The dissertation then identifies the other maternal factors such as mother’s education level and time spend with children have influence on the children’s educational performance with p-value significant at 0.01. In a detailed discussion section the dissertation delivers mothers with useful practical tips to improve their children’s academic performance and have provided other non-maternal factors need to be studied and address in order to improve children’s academic performance. In conclusion, the findings witness that there is a relationship between maternal working status and children’s academic performance since children of working mothers perform academically better than the children of non- working mothers.Item The effect that maternal employment and maternal home-stay have on children’s academic performance in selected schools of Male’.(Faculty of Health Sciences, 2013-06-01) Zakariyya, Abdul AzeezThe aim of this dissertation is to identify the effect that maternal employment and maternal home-stay have on children’s academic performance in selected schools of Male’. Social cognitive theory has been used to conduct the research which explains how mothers obtain and uphold certain behavioral patterns through behavioral, personal and environmental factors. This correlation study has used case-control approach to examine the student’s academic performance as there were two survey groups with varied outcomes that would be compared to one another. A sample size of 112 children has been taken to this study from 5th graders of the 4 selected schools in Male’. Structured questionnaire was used to collect data and the response rate of the survey was 98.21%. Findings of the study show that there is significant relationship between maternal working status and children’s academic performance with p-value significant at 0.01. The dissertation then identifies the other maternal factors such as mother’s education level and time spend with children have influence on the children’s educational performance with p-value significant at 0.01. In a detailed discussion section the dissertation delivers mothers with useful practical tips to improve their children’s academic performance and have provided other non-maternal factors need to be studied and address in order to improve children’s academic performance. In conclusion, the findings witness that there is a relationship between maternal working status and children’s academic performance since children of working mothers perform academically better than the children of nonworking motherItem Evaluation of patient satisfaction level in an outpatient department of Senahiya hospital(Faculty of Health Sciences, 2015-05-01) Mohamed, SolahThis quantitative study was conducted with the aim to evaluate patient satisfaction level of outpatient health care service at Senahiya Hospital, in terms of accessibility of services, service delivery, and hospital environment. The study population was aged over 14 years, sample size was 100, and data was collected by self-administered questionnaire from 12th to 16th April 2015. Data was collected from patients who used the Hospital’s services during the mentioned period. The result concluded that senahiya hospital patients are satisfied with 85%. Satisfaction for the three main variables of Accessibility of services is 83%, service delivery 93% and hospital environment 76%. Based on the result on patients hospital has to improve waiting time for scan and Echo services are not reasonable. Doctor’s availability for consultation has to improve; ventilation and space area is not enough. Evidence from research proves that satisfaction level of patient are high and I advise that management to approach on weak areas to get maximum satisfaction. And maintain satisfied areas as well. Being good service provider requires repeated research often, which will help improve the quality of the hospital. Key words: Patient satisfaction, Outpatient department, Quality care, Service delivery, Accessibility of service.Item Examinining the association between parental smoking and adolescent smoking(Faculty of Health Sciences, 2013-05-30) Ali, Abdul HameedSmoking is the leading preventable cause of morbidity and mortality in the World. The vast majority of smokers initiates smoking before the age of 18. Several researches suggest that parental smoking is a significant predictor of adolescent smoking. This study examines the association between parental smoking and adolescent smoking and adolescent attitudes toward smoking. Data was collected from an adolescent population of L. Gan, L. Maamendhoo and L. Maavah by using self-administered anonymous questionnaire. The questionnaire was piloted and a sample of 100 was selected. The result of research showed that 38% of participants had tried smoking and from this 55.3% were known as current smokers. 14 years old was the most frequent age of initiation. And furthermore, it was shown that 37% of adolescent’s farther’s smoked, 1% of mother’s smoke, both parents smoke 15%, and 47% of adolescent’s parents were not smoking. From ever tried category, 73.7% were become a current smokers and 26.3% were quitted smoking. It was found that more than 50% of the adolescent began to smoke as an experience. Among current smokers. 57.1% could not quit smoking because of the addictive feeling; remaining 42.9% were due to habit. Most of the adolescents quitted smoking by knowing the health impact of smoking. Parent was known as second cause. The result of the research concluded that Parental smoking had (p<0.001) association between adolescent smoking. It was found that single parental smoking increases the risk of adolescent smoking by 11 times and both parents by 150 times as it compared to neither parents smoke. And adolescents with both parents smoking have highest proportion of positive attitudes toward smoking. In the meantime participants without smoking parents have less positive attitude and highest negative attitudes toward smoking.Item Exploring the factors contributing nurses turnover in Indhira Gandhi Memorial Hospital(School of Nursing, 2019-02-02) Waheed, HasrathOBJECTIVE : Objective of this study was to explore the factors contributing nurses turnover in Indhira Ghandhi Memmorial Hospital METHOD : The design selected for research was descriptive qualitative study. Sampling method chosen for the study was purposive convenient sampling method. Population of the study was Maldivian registered nurses who have resigned from IGMH last five years. This study was carried out in Indhira Gandhi Memorial Hospital Male, Maldives. Total numbers of seven nurses were included in the study. Data collection method was face to face interview. Semi structured interview guide was used to collect data. All the interviews were audio taped and field notes were made during the interview. The length of interviews varied from 10 to 20 minutes. Participants who has given interview in Dhivehi language was translated to English with the help of translator. Data in this study was analyzed by using Collaizi’s (1978) method. RESULT : From the analysis of this study five themes were identified. They are lack of opportunities for job advancement and career development, in adequate support from practice environment, Low pay and compensation practices, Heavy workload and unconventional working hours and difficulty in balancing family and work life. CONCLUSION: Findings from the research revealed that there are many factors that contribute nurses turnover. It was identified that salary and allowances are unsatisfactory, training and development opportunities are not adequate, workload is too high and there were no supportive working environment. Moreover study indicated lack of recognition, appreciation and rewarding systems makes staff to leave the organization. These factors need to be adequately addressed and proper management system and retention strategies to be formulated to retain nurses.Item Factors affecting attitudes toward prenatal diagnosis and medical termination of pregnancy among beta thalassaemia carriers in SH. Bilehfahi(Faculty of Health Sciences, 2013-05-01) Azeez, Ishaam, AbdulA cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted to reveal the attitude towards Prenatal Diagnosis (PND) and Medical Termination of Pregnancy (MTP) among 18 to 25 years unmarried beta thalassaemia carriers in Sh. Bilehfahi, Maldives. A pre-structured questionnaire was used to interview 34 beta thalassaemia carriers in the island. Analysis was done to calculate the frequency and percentage of age, sex, relationship characteristics, family income, level of education and knowledge. Chi-square test was used to examine the association of these factors and attitudes toward PND and MTP. The result showed that 52.9 % of the carriers have negative attitudes toward PND and MTP. 44.1% of the carriers had adequate knowledge. The knowledge was found to be strongest predictor of attitudes toward PND and MTP when compared with other factors. Among the study participants those who have an adequate knowledge about PND and MTP; 80% of them were having a positive attitude while only 20% said they had a negative attitude. Among the people who do not have an adequate knowledge regarding PND and MTP; 78.94% have negative attitude while only 21.1% have a positive attitude. The knowledge had a significant association with attitudes toward PND and MTP (p-value = 0.001). It is recommended that knowledge has to be improved in order to develop a positive attitude toward PND and MTP among the beta thalassaemia carriers in the island. In addition, promotion of health education by providing appropriate information about PND and MTP is highly needed.Item Factors affecting job satisfaction level among the health professionals of Ungoofaaru regional hospital(Faculty of Health Sciences, 2016-05-01) Suhail, MohamedThis research attempts to identify the job satisfaction level of health professionals working at Ungoofaaru Regional Hospital (URH) and examine the relationship between psychological, physical and environmental factors that influence the job satisfaction level among them. The stratified random technique was used in selecting the portion of the health professionals required for the sample. Data was collected by using a selfadministered questionnaire from 52 health professionals. Both descriptive and inferential statistics were performed by using the SPSS version 20. The result shows that job satisfaction has a significant relationship with health & safety measures, job security, job promotion, pay, welfare services, use of skills and abilities and organization culture. Moreover, result also shows that job satisfaction does not have any relationship with coworkers support and working environment. Besides that, result showed that 78.8% of health professionals are satisfied with their jobs and only 21.2% were dissatisfied. Furthermores, result also indicated that most influencing mativator was job promotion and the most influencing hygiene factor was welfare services. Thus, a special attention need to be given for job promotion and welfare services in order to increase the level of job satisfaction among the health professionals working at URH.Item Factors affecting nurse turnover in public hospitals in Male’, Maldives: a phenomenological study to understand why nurses resign(School of Nursing, The Maldives National University, 2022-01-29) Rameez, Rafaahath; ރަފާހަތް ރަމީޒުNurses leaving their jobs or leaving the profession, commonly known as turnover, is a significant issue of concern universally (Dewanto & Wardhani, 2018). Nationwide, the average registered nurse turnover rate is estimated to be 15% to 36% per year (Halter et al., 2017). Shortages of nurse’s due to high turnover lead to burnout and job dissatisfaction among nurses, decreases in staff morale, a decline in consideration for patients, increased errors and patient dissatisfaction related to new inexperienced staff (Gess et al., 2017). Therefore, it is significant for health care organizations to identify the main causes of turnover and promote effective interventions to reduce nurse turnover (Yamaguchia et al., 2016). The purpose of this qualitative, phenomenological study is to explore the experiences of nurses in order to identify the main factors that contributed to leaving their job in public hospitals in Male’. An advantage of identifying these contributing factors is that it could help healthcare organizations to implement successful strategies and workplace solutions in order to improve nurse retention, which will also save organizations costs on nurse recruitment, motivate present employees enhancing their job satisfaction and improve the standard of care given to patients in in public hospitals in Male’. Chapter 1 of this research study will consist of a brief background of the topic along with relevance and justification, problem statement and conceptual definitions of some of the main terms used in the study.Item Factors contributing to malnutrition among children under five years in the Maldives(The Maldives National University, 2013-06) Shaheed, Mohamed; މުޙައްމަދު ޝަހީދުChildren’s Malnutrition in Maldives is still a major public health problem, showing a prevalence of 19% stunted and 16 % wasted 317% under nourished (MDHS, 2009) among children under five years. Moderate acute malnutrition affects worldwide resulting in life long adverse effects including increased mortality, suppressed immune system functions, and delayed growth and cognitive development. According to the WHO classifications the level for stunting, wasting and underweight are considered still high in the Maldives. The objective of this dissertation is to assess the factors( mothers education; wealth of household; and place of residence) contributing to malnutrition among children under five years in the Maldives in order to identify possible intervention that help in improving child malnutrition in the Maldives. The sample of 721 children in Urban and 1792 children in rural were collected from the MDHS and a data set was formulated for the study. This dissertation was guided by the modified model of theoretical frame work adopted from UNICEF conceptual framework for malnutrition. The framework provides connection between mothers education; wealth quintile; and place of residence which contributes to nutritional status under five years children. The relationship between rural and urban children’s - 2SD mild stunting status are same but rural children’s -3SD stunting shows they are affected more than urban children. Wasting and underweight among rural children are much higher compare to urban children. Analysis of household wealth influence shows those who at lowest level have less stunted children as compare the second and middle level of wealth. Wasting and underweight also shows similar pattern. To compare the nutritional status in regions shows under nutrition is higher in Central and North Central region .Compare to Male’ the under nutrition status is two times higher than those regions. The relationship of mothers education to children’s nutritional status shows that children of mothers completing higher education had 3 times reduction in getting a stunted and underweighted child. As compare to no formal education of mothers, wasting children was higher among primary educated mothers. With the analysis of the result it has suggested to strengthen female education at schools where dropout rate is higher. Also provide nutrition education and proper child care practices training to mothers. Promote communication for behavior change using the hearth model to those regions. Conduct further research in-depth analysis on wealth quintiles.Item Factors influencing exclusive breastfeeding for the first six months among infants aged 0-12 months in Male’ city, Maldives(Faculty of Health Sciences, 2015-11-01) Nasir, Aminath AbdullaExclusive breastfeeding for the first six months of life is globally acknowledged as the most effective intervention for the child survival. However only 48% were exclusively breastfed for the first 6 months in Maldives despite the efforts. The main objective of this study was to determine the factors influencing exclusive breastfeeding duration among mothers of infant’s aged 0-12 months old attending Dhamanaveshi in Male’. This study is a cross-sectional analytical study and used random sample of 140 eligible mothers. Results revealed that the exclusive breastfeeding rate was 41.4% since birth up to 6 months, and was 58% when measured using 24-hour recall method. A logistic regression analysis indicated significant positive relationship between exclusive breastfeeding duration and education (p= 0.009) and knowledge (p=0.0001). The attitude, subjective norm and perceived control and intention towards exclusive breastfeeding was significantly associated and perceived control and duration were greatly associated (p=0.0001). Knowledge, Attitude, Subjective norm, perceived behavior control and intention are the strong predictors for exclusive breastfeeding duration and therefore, should provide mothers enough breastfeeding knowledge and encourage new mothers’ positive breastfeeding attitude, educate mothers’ referents, and strengthen their breastfeeding control.Item Factors influencing the increasing trend of cesarean section in public tertiary hospital IGMH, in Male, Maldives(Faculty of Health Sciences, 2016-11-01) Ahmed, Madheeha; މަދީހާ އަޙުމަދުTrends of caesarean sections (C-section) worldwide shows that the rate of C sections has increased globally, regionally and at national levels with an average global increase of 12.4% for the period between 1990 and 2014. Increasing number of Caesarean Section in Maldives is a growing concern that needs further investigations. on the objective of this study was to identify the individual factors, medical factors, non-medical factors that influence the increasing rate of C-sections and to determine the relationship between those factors and the mode of delivery in Maldives.. A descriptive cross-sectional research design and a quantitative method were used on a stratified random sample of women. Data was collected by using a researcher administered questionnaire, from 97 women who had normal delivery and 70 women who had a C-section. Both descriptive and inferential statistics were performed by using SPSS and “R” software. The individual factors that were most influential include awareness of the risk factors and indications of LSCS and knowledge of how an LSCS procedure take place which were found to be different between the two groups of women. Medical factors such as the number of pregnancies and the weight of the baby were influential factors. Non-medical factors such as society‟s influence on the mode of delivery and availability of health financing for delivery were similar between the two groups of women. This study also highlighted a statistically significant association between the mode of delivery and knowledge of the procedures of LSCS, knowledge of the indications for LSCS, health status of the mother, presence of a chronic disease in the mother and the number of pregnancies. This study has identified the need to provide knowledge and awareness to women on the different types of delivery method and provides evidence for policymakers to focus on ways to reduce the rate of C-sections to fit to the WHO recommended proportion of C-sections in a country.Item Factors related to road traffic accidents among young adult motorcyclist in S. Hithadhoo, Addu city Maldives(ފެކަލްޓީ އޮފް ހެލްތު ސައިންސު, 2016-05-01) ޝިފާޒާ އާދަމް ސަރީފް; Shareef, Shifaza AdamItem Fonadhoo(Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Maldives National University, 2015-11-01) Samaah, Hassan; Murushid, Ismail; Ali, Adheeba; Ifa, Mariyam; Husham, Mohamed; Ahlam, Aishath; Najaha, Aminath; Samaah, Aishath; Althof, Mohamed; Neelee, Mariyam; Ibrahim, Hafeeza; Waheed, Adhuma; Hamad, IbrahimItem G.Dh Vaadhoo : island study 2017(Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Maldives National University, 2017-08-01) Sujeeth, Ahmed; Ilyas, Ahmed; Jinah, Aminath Lamha; Fazeel, Shafra Ahmed; Althof, MohamedThis study was done by a group of university students studying in semester 4 (2017) of Faculty of Engineering Technology, which is part of the Maldives National University. Located on the southern province of Gaafu Dhaalu Atoll is the island Vaadhoo. The island is reached by crossing the deep blue waters or by air from Male’ and then by sea from Thinadhoo. From afar, the island appears to be a strip of greenery and is actually oval-like in shape. As you come closer, the greenery is more focused on and the lack of tall buildings can be noticed.Item G.Dh. Vaadhoo : local profile & strategic plan(Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Maldives National University, 2017-08-01) Shiyaz, Ismail; Rafeeu, Ismail; Akmal, Usman; Hathim, Ahmed; Maasa, Fathimath; Zuhoor, Fathimath ZahaThis book consists of an island profile and a land use plan done for Gdh Vaadhoo after a site visit conducted from 5th August to 12th August 2017. During the site visit, all aspects of the island was studied within groups. This is part of the design project under the subject architectural design project IV, where it mainly focuses on tourism development. The book contains problems we have identified under certain topics and the strategic plans for the island to solve these highlighted problems.Item G.Dh. Vaadhoo : strategic plan(Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Maldives National University, 2017-08-01) Afzal, Aishath Shadhny; Ahulam, Aishath; Hussain, Mohamed Sobah; Waheed, Mohamed; Humaam, Ali; Hassan, Ali AkbarThis book is a comparative study and investigates local profile of the island Gaafu Dhaalu Vaadhoo. Book compilation was done by performing analytic studies, observations, conducting interviews and research based on the island. Study of the island was carried out by the architecture students of semester 4 2017 of Faculty of engineering Technology, Maldives National University.Item Health hazards and the effects of these hazards to the health of the workers of Thilafushi, Maldives(Faculty of Health Sciences, 2015-11-01) Suhail, AdamThis study provides insight into health hazards and the effects of these hazards to the health of the workers of Thilafushi. Thilafushi is known as the island that disposes waste mostly in Maldives, so this island has many health hazards. The aim of this study is to find the health hazards the workers face in Thilafushi and the effects of these hazards to the health. Quantitative technique will be used to find out the health hazards and its effect on health. The whole population was taken as sample group. After collecting the data, it is analyzed by the help of statistical software. Ethics is considered by many ways including the consent form and by ensuring the confidentiality to the participants. Moreover, no women are involved in waste disposal that is 0% and all the workers are male that is 100% and 51.4% people working are from Maldives. Moreover 91.4% people are exposed to sunlight. Moreover, 91.4% people dispose toxic wastes. 70% people visited doctor due to common cold and respiratory diseases. At the end of the study, the main health hazards identified were smoke, toxic wastes and mosquitoes. But the effect to health is minimized due to use of proper safety measures taken such as use of gloves, facemasks, sunscreen, foot wear and eye goggles. Furthermore, those do not use proper safety precaution suffer from respiratory diseases such as acute respiratory infectionItem How the background characteristics influences demand and unmet need of child spacing among women of Maldives(The Maldives National University, 2013-05) Zamua, Fathumath; ފާތުމަތު ޒަމުއާChild spacing is a human right for all those who are in need. Therefore, child spacing methods should be supplied according to the demand of the certain community. Unmet need for child spacing is produced when the demands for child spacing services are not met in the community. The background characteristics that influences the demand and unmet need for child spacing includes, age; residence; region; education and wealth quintile of a women. This characteristic creates variation in the demand and unmet need for child spacing by increasing or decreasing the demand and unmet need for child spacing among women. In order to support this fact, secondary dataset from Maldives Demographic Health Survey 2009 is been used to acknowledge how the background characteristics influences demand and unmet need for child spacing. Both inferential and descriptive statistics are used to analyze the result and local and foreign literature was reviewed to support the reasons behind the trends of the analyzed data. It was known that, as age of women increases both demand and unmet need for child spacing decreases while the increase in education level of the women increases the demand and unmet need for child spacing in Maldives. As wealth quintile and residence show not much difference in the indicators, the south region of Maldives tends to have higher unmet need comparing to the rest of the Maldives, requiring for more studies to be done.Item Identify the contributing factors that increase diabetes patients in Male’ city(Maldives National University, 2016-05) Yaugoob, KhadheejaItem Impact of out of pocket health expenditure on health status among diabetese patients in the Maldives.(Faculty of Health Sciences, 2016-11-01) Jameel, Aminath; އާމިނަތު ޖަމީލްDiabetes Mellitus (DM) is a one of the leading causes of mortality globally and nationally which has considerable impact on health expenditure and health status. The main purpose of this study was to identify the linkage between out of pocket expenditure and health status among DM patients in Maldives. A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted, using 100 patients diagnosed with DM selected through systematic sampling. Interviewer-administered questionnaires were used to collect the data on socio-demographics, out of pocket expenditures, health status, comorbidities, and management of DM. Data was analyzed using excel spreadsheets, SPSS statistical software version 20 and the open source R software, version 3.1.0. This Study revealed that, OOPE is very low among Maldivian DM patients where majority of them preferred government health facilities for treatment. Health status of most of the DM patient were good whereby majority were mobile, able to self-care themselves, able to do usual activities and free from pain or discomfort and also free from anxiety or depression. Comorbidities common to Maldivians DM patients were HTN, CVD, kidney disease and Thyroid. Majority of the DM patient do not exercise or limit their diet to manage the disease. Instead majority depended on medications to manage their blood sugar. A significant relationship was found between out of pocket expenditure on travel and the ability to conduct usual activities and out of pocket expenditure on investigations and self-care level of the DM patient. Findings from this study present evidence on the need to create awareness among patients on the importance of adjusting diet, increasing exercise and limiting dependence on medicines. Preference of Maldivian DM patients to use public health facilities is an indication of affordability and trust in the public health system. However, low utilization of free health care provided by NGOs can be further researched.Item The impact of social media on school aged children in male’(Faculty of Health Sciences, 2015-11-01) Suha, FathmathIn Maldives, the younger generation is now very much involved in the social world. Hence, there was a growing need to gain insight into the role that social media played in the life of young children in the country. Hence, through a cross-sectional descriptive study using mixed methods of sampling the integration and usage of social media and the impacts of media on school children was identified. The study results showed that there were a high number (93.7%) of social media users among school children and a surprisingly large proportion of students in the schools of Male‟ owned their own electronics. Looking at the different types of social media most often used, Viber (62.0%) and YouTube (58.9%) were the most used social media among students. Finally, the study was able to determine that using social media had more negative impact on lives of school aged children than positive impacts. Through this study the current social media usage among school aged children of 11-13 years of age in Male‟ was identified. In addition the study was also able to establish the different types of social media students have been using. As social media is here to stay and it being a prominent part of our life, it is vital to know how it will affect us in the future, especially for the younger generations to come.Item Institutional and professional readiness for inclusive education : perceptions of the teachers in schools of Hithadhoo, Addu atoll, Republic of Maldives(Faculty of Education, Maldives National University, 2014-11) Shareefa, Mariyam; މަރިޔަމް ޝަރީފާAccording to the Inclusive Educational Policy of Maldives (Ministry of Education, 2013), all students should be given equal educational opportunities regardless of their physical, intellectual, social, emotional or other conditions. The aim of this study is to understand what teachers believe, perceive, and feel about their institutional and professional readiness for inclusive education. The study also aims to investigate the main challenges that deter inclusive practices in the schools of Hithadhoo, Addu Atoll. The study used a mixed approach with survey and focus group interview methods. The survey questions were taken from the “Quality Indicators for Effective Inclusive Education Guidebook” by NJCIE (2010), and the “Scale of Teachers’ Attitudes Toward Inclusive Classrooms” developed by Cochran (1998). A total of 153 teachers participated in the survey and 10 teachers joined in the focus group interview.The findings of the study show that teachers have a positive view towards all the readiness factors related to inclusive education. The findings reveal that teachers perceive school leadership, school climate, curriculum instructions and individual student support is adequately provided in the schools. Furthermore, it shows that the attitude, knowledge and skills are also adequately manifested in the teachers. Thus, overall, it could be understood that in the perception of teachers, schools of Hithadhoo, Addu are ready for inclusive education. The findings also show that the schools selected for the study have some areas that need to be improved in order to enhance their overall readiness for inclusive education. These areas include school leaders providing more pedagogical support to teachers, teachers providing more individual support for students by increasing the effort of adapting and modifying curriculum, schools facilitating a physically safe climate for all the students, and providing opportunities for teachers to acquire more knowledge and skills needed for teaching Special Education Needs (SEN) students in the mainstream classes. The findings also revealed substantial challenges that impede successful implementation of inclusive education. These challenges are lack of knowledge and skills, lack of facilities, lack of awareness among all stakeholders, curriculum difficulties and time restrictions. These results indicate the complexity of developing and implementing inclusive education in schools.Item Knowledge and attitude of HIV/AIDS : a survey among pregnant women attending antenatal clinic at reproductive health centre in Indira Gandhi Memorial Hospital(Faculty of Health Sciences, Maldives National University, 2013-11) Shahida, AminathBoth qualitative and quantitative a cross- sectional study was conducted to assess the knowledge and attitude of pregnant women those who attend antenatal clinic at Indhira Gandhi Memorial Hospital on HIV/AIDS from 10th – 20th October 2013. Data was taken from 100 pregnant women aged 18 -49 years, using a structured questionnaire translated in Dhivehi language. Descriptive statistics were done using MS Access and SPSS to describe the level of knowledge and attitude of pregnant women. Findings of the study indicated high proportion (95.0%) of the respondents had at least some knowledge about the HIV/AIDS and levels of basic knowledge among them were high. However the knowledge on PMTCT services and HIV treatment were not adequate which had shown (84.0%) had not aware on PMTCT services and (74.0%) had not aware on HIV treatment. A large proportion (60.0%) of the respondents received HIV related information in the last 12 months and (40.0%) did not receive any information on HIV. Over half of the participants had obtained their knowledge from the health facilities while attending other services of hospital. Furthermore the 71.0% women said they had not screened during the last 12 months and 82.0% believed that they cannot refuse when doctor asks for HIV screening. This finding highlighted that AIDS prevention programs need to improvement and they need to strengthen their BCC strategies. Also pregnant women should be given adequate information regarding PMTCT services including HIV testing and counseling. This will improve the knowledge of pregnant women on PMTCT of HIV/AIDS.Item Knowledge and attitude on drug abuse among age group of 15 to 45 in capital city of Maldives.(Faculty of Health Sciences, 2014-11-30) Noora, Aishath; އައިޝަތު ނޫރާDrug abuse executes around 200,000 individuals worldwide every year, as per another United Nations (UN) report. Worldwide treatment for drug abuse would cost $250 billion every year if everybody who required help got legitimate consideration, as per the UN. This research is a descriptive cross sectional study. Total of 208 participated in this research and it was randomly collected from Male’ City. Duration for this study was from August to November which is 3 months period. According to the first drug survey done in Maldives, it shows that the present drug use prevalence, including the use of alcohol, in the capital city Male' is 6.64 for every cent. Altogether, there are an expected 7,500 drug users in the Maldives. The greater part of drug users are youngsters in the 15-24 age. Data was collected using a questionnaire and analyzed using SPSS version of 20.0. This study will be valuable in light of the fact that up to today Maldives is challenging this particularly for the adolescents in the community in the Maldives. The result of this study has shown that majority (90.4%) of the participants are well aware of the drugs and (87.3%) knows the different types of drugs and (77%) agreed that peer pressure was the main reasons for abusing drugs. By this research it was found that this matter can be minimized by giving awareness to the public and other related organizations and by implementing strong laws and policies towards drug abuse.Item Knowledge and attitude toward hepatitis B infection among the students in faculty of education Male’ Maldives(Maldives National University, 2015-05-18) Hassan, FathaathA cross- sectional descriptive study was conducted to study about the knowledge and attitude towards hepatitis B infection amongst the students in the Maldives. A total of 120 students were randomly and systemically selected in the faculty of education age 20-39 years in Male’ City and interviewed by anonymous self-administered questionnaire during March to May 2015. An information letter was provided with the questionnaire and also written consent was taken from the students who have participated in the survey. Statistical descriptive analysis was used to find the knowledge and attitude among the students in faculty of education aged 20-39 years in Maldives. The result shows that majority of the students (73%) have heard about hepatitis B infection. Most of the students (28%) had heard about the disease from internet. Furthermore, majority of the students have knowledge about disease transmission, 55% of the students gave correct answered that disease can be transmitted by having personal contact. The study also show that majority of the students have less knowledge about the complication of the disease. Moreover, the study shows that students have positive attitude toward hepatitis b disease prevention. The results indicate that there is a gap in knowledge among the students about the disease transmission and complication also the prevention. To conclude health education and health promotion should be provided to the students to improve their knowledge about the disease and build their confidence to test and receive vaccination against hepatitis b infection.